68 Micro Journal Volume 03 Number 01

YOUFR CHOICE-smart either way

• Over 140 software driven functions

• 82 x 24 or 82 x 20 screen format — software selectable

• High resolution 7x12 matrix characters — P 31 green phosphor

• Upper/lower case character set — plus graphics character set

• 56-key alphanumeric keyboard — plus 12-key cursor, numeric pad

• Internal editing functions — insert, delete, scroll, roll, slide, etc.

• Parallel printer I/O port

• 50 to 38,400 baud operation — programmable

• Cursor type, cursor position, print control characters, protected fields,
shift inversion, dual intensity and many other features

8212 — twelve-inch diagnonal screen or 8209 — nine-inch diagnonal screen

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

21 9 W. RHAPSODY

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 (512) 344 0241

Multi-User

UniFLEX is the first full capability multi-user
operating system available for microprocessors.
Designed for the 6809 and 68000. it offers its
users a very friendly computing environment.
After a user 'logs-in' with his user name and
password, any of the system programs may be
run at will. One user may run the text editor
while another runs BASIC and still another runs
the C compiler. Each user operates in his own
system environment, unaware of other user
activity. The total number of users is only
restricted by the resources and efficiency of the
hardware in use.

The design of UniFLEX, with its hierarchical file
system and device independent I O, allows the
creation of a variety of complex support
programs. There is currently a wide variety of
software available and under development.
Included in this list is a Text Processing System
for word processing functions, BASIC interpreter
and precompiler for general programming and
educational use. native C and Pascal
compilers for more advanced programming,
sort merge for business applications, and a
variety of debug packages The standard
system includes a text editor, assembler, and

about forty utility programs UniFLEX for 6809 is
sold with a single CPU license and one years
maintenance tor $450.00. Additional yearly
maintenance is available for $100.00 OEM
licenses are also available.

FLEX

Multi-Tasking

UniFLEX is a true multi-tasking operating system.
Not only may several users run different
programs, but one user may run several
programs at a time. For example, a
compilation of one file could be initiated while
simultaneously making changes to another file
using the text editor. New tasks are generated
in the system by the 'fork' operation. Tasks may
be run in the background or 'locked' in mam
memory to assist critical response times. Inter-
task communication is also supported through
the pipe' mechanism.

UniFLEX is offered for the advanced
microprocessor systems. FLEX, the industry
standard for 6800 and 6809 systems, is offered
for smaller, single user systems. A full line of FLEX
support software and OEM licenses are also
available.

Box 2570, West I IN 47906

(317) 463-250? '>'«

"UniFLEX and FLEX are trademarks of Technical
tems Consultants, i

t

9

68

Portions of text prepared using the following.

SWTPC 6800-6809-OMAF2-C0S1-CT82-Sprlnt 3

Southwest Technical Products

219 W. Rhapsody

San Antonio, Texas 7B216

IOITOR - WORD PROCESSOR
Technical Systems Consultants, Inc.
Box 2573, W. Lafayette, IN 47906
FLEX Is TM of TSC

GIMIX Super Mainframe-Assorted merory boards

GIMIX Inc.

1337 West 37th Place

Chicago, I I 60609

Publisher: Don Williams Sr.

Executive Editor: Larry Williams

Subscriptions and Office manager
Mary Robertson

General Girl 'Friday*
Joyce Will lams

Contributing Editors:

Dr. Jack Bryant

Dr. Chuck Adams

Dr. Theo Elbert

Or. Jeffery Brownsteln

Dale Puckett

Russel I Gore

Ron Anderson

John Jordon

Dennis Wonack

* CONTENTS *

FLEX USER NOTES 9 Anderson

GIMIX GRAND PRIZE WINNER. II

UNIFLEX. .Final Part 12 Shirk

RUMORS 1$ BMW

INDEX 1960 16 1980 Index

BOOKS 16 Rev I ew

RADIO SHACK COLOR 1 7 Review

MC6809 CPU for the 80s...t8 Ahem & Browne

DYNAMITE 23 Review

Zlngg for the SWTPC AC30.26 Hall

BIT BUCKET 28 all of us

HELP 31

CLASSIFIED 31

2

MICRO

JOURNN.

Send All Correspondence To:

'68' Micro Journal

3018 Hamill Rd.

PO Box 849

Hixson, Tennessee 37343

— Phone —
Office: 615-870-1993
Plant: 615-892-7544
Copyright O 1980

'68' Micro Journal is published 12 times a year by 68'
Micro Journal. 6131 Airways Blvd.. Chattanooga. TN
37421. Second Class postage paid at Chattanooga, TN.
Postmaster: Send Form 3579 to '68' Micro Journal, PO
Box 849. Hixson, TN 37343.

1-Year $18.50 2-Year $32.50 3-Year $H8.50

-ITEMS SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION -
(Letters to the Editor for Publication) All letters to the
Editor' should be substantiated by facts. Opinions should
be indicated as such. All letters must be signed. We are
interested in receiving letters that will benefit or alert our
readers. Praise as well as gripes is always good subject
matter. Your name may be withheld upon request. If you
have had a good experience with a 6800 vendor please
put it in a letter. If the experience was bad put that in a
letter also. Remember, if you tell us who they are then it is
only fair that your name not' be withheld. This means that
all letters published, of a critical nature, cannot have a
name withheld. We will attempt to publish verbatim'
letters that are composed using good taste.' We reserve
the right to define (for '68' Micro) what constitutes good
taste.

(Articles and items submitted for publication) Please,
always include your full name, address, and telephone
number. Date and number all sheets. TYPE them if you
can. poorly handwritten copy is sometimes the difference
between go, no-go. All items should be on 8X11 inch,
white paper. Most all art work will be reproduced photo-
graphically, this includes all listings, diagrams and other
non-text material. All typewritten copy should be done
with a NEW RIBBON. All hand drawn art should be black
on white paper. Please no hand written code items over
50 bytes. Neatly typed copy will be directly reproduced.
Column width should be 3V* inches.

(Advertising) Any Classified: Maximum 20 words. All
single letters and/or numbers will be considered one (1)
word. No Commercial or Business Type Classified
advertising-. Classified ads will be published in our
standard format. Classified ads $7.50 one time run, paid
in advance.

Commercial and/or Business advertisers please write
or phone for current rate sheet and publication lag time.

Be Micro Journal

L(3QK

WHAT'S COOKING

on the FIFTY BUS

32K STATIC RAM BOARDS

Designed for use with:
• Existing SS50 Systems • SS50C Extended Address Systems

• Assembled

• Burned In

• Tested

THE CLASSY CHASSIS Jg

$898.19

16K
24K
32K

$328.12
$438.14
$548.15

16K and 24K Versions are
socketed tor32K and require
only additional 2114's lor
expansion.

• Write protect either ot two 16K sections

• Low power consumption - uses 2114L low
power RAMS

• Fully Socketed

• Gold Bus Connectors

• Guaranteed 2MHz operation

FEATURES:

• Oecodlng lor 4 Extended Address Lines (allows
memoiy decoding up to 1 megabyte)

• OlP-swltch to set extended addressing or disable It

• 4 separate 8K blocks, addressable to any 8K
boundary by OiP-swilch

• Each BK block may be Individually disabled

AND NOW . . . GIMIX OFFERS YOU A
Choice of 6800 or 6809 CPU CARDS

You can order your system to fit your needs or select one ol the below featured systems.
Please contact the factory for further information and availability.

Add as much memoiy as you need using GIMIX Sialic RAM Cards lor the utmost in reliability.

32K 6800 SYSTEM $1 ,694.59

Includes: Chassis. 6800 CPU, 32K RAM BOARD, 1/0 card

32K 6809 SYSTEM $1 ,844.69

includes: Chassis. 6809 CPU. 32K RAM BOARO. I/O card

32K 6809 PLUS SYSTEM $1,994.79

Includes: Chassis. 32KRAM BOARO. I/O Card, and features our 6809 PLUS CPU Card with the Time of Oay
Clock option with battery back- up installed, as well as the 6B40 Timer Package that provides 3 independent
16 bit counters.

This system also allows the following options to be added at additional cost:

• Battery back-up ot the 1K HAM by substituting CMOS parts

• A 9511 or 9S12 Arithmetic Processor

• GIMIX or SWTP Dynamic Address Translators.

• 25 amp (5V) ferro- resonant constant voltage
power supply,

• Heavy weight aluminum cabinet wllrt 3 position
key switch, Ian, and provisions lor two 5" disk
drives;

• 6BOO/6809 Mother Board, fifteen SO pin and
eight DIP- switch addressable 30 pin slots (gold
plated pins), lully decoded;

• Baud rale generator on I/O section ot
Mother Board

I/O BOARDS
for the 30 PIN BUS:

1 Port Serial S 88.41
(RS 232 or 20MA, current loop)

2 Porl RS 232 Serial 128.43
2 Port Parallel 88.42

for the 50 PIN BUS:

8 Port RS 232 Serial 288.40

8 Port RS 232 Serial 318.46

with on board Baud Rate generator

8 Pon Parallel. 198.45

DOTH 6809 SYSTEMS

FEATURE OUR

NEW TERMINAL BASED

GMXDUG 09 SYSTEM MONITOR

GMXBUG 09 includes advanced debugging

tools, utility, and memory manipulation

routines.

Both 6809 Syttems;

• Can be reconfigured to allow use of other
system monitors (OS-9 and SBUG-E)

• include 1K ot Scratchpad RAM on the CPU

• Allow optional software switching of system
monitors .

2MHz 6809s at slight additional cost when they
become available.

EXPORT NOTES:

For SOH:?30VC.V POWER SUPPLY AddS30 00

80 x 24 VIDEO BOARDS - Spec y FOrnlll (NO Added Clurgg)

On Oman una* wso 00 w l Sinsd 8w9. a Cw»» . W* AM W 00 tunang «no wt *• an* Air Ma* Pupae
On all arntr »aar» « »«l iNp vtt (nwy Ait FfUgni cmki. ano « mu cfiarjt no Mnaling All onMn mutt M
ptaoaBinU S. FuriM PWm noli llul tvtign (ImcIu Km HMO U«infl about «ghl M*M tot ttMdkm. KM
oould MVM Kiting morwy ot cTmtt diiw* on i dim account to tut U S Gut bank i» M CMIInanul iNaog)
IWtaiil Bank <* Cnugn Aauwil 1 73-32013 Vtu 0> UlBat CWipa «IK> JCCtotoO

Phone, write, or see your dealer for details and
prices on our broad range of Boards and
Systems for the SS50/SS50C bus and our AC
Power Control Products for all computers.

FACTORY PRIME STATIC RAMS

21141 450 ns . $5.90 300 ns . . $6.40 200 ns .

. $6.90

4044 450 ns $5.90 250 ns $6 90

ADO »00 HANOL1W OX OAOWS UN«A WOO 00

<&

Gimix

QIMIX* andOHOST* ate Registered T red etna tits Ol GIMIX INC.

See Ghost Ad Pages 36,39,40,48

The Company thai delivers
Quality Electronic products since 1975.

1337 WEST 37th PLACE, CHICAGO, IL 60609
(312)927-5510 • TWX 910-221-4055

OS-9" MULTIPROGRAMMING
OPERATING SYSTEM

A"

true multitasking, real time
operating system for timesharing,
software
development, database.
process control, and
other genera] applications
This versatile OS runs on almost any
6809-based computer.

■ UNIX '" like file system with
hierarchical directories, byte-
addressable random-access files, and full
file security.

■ Versatile, easy-to use input/output
system is hardware independent and
expandable to support almost any device
with interrupt-driven, program- control,
or BMA data transfer.

■ Powerful "shell" command interpreter
features: I/O redirection, multiple job
stream processing, and more. Includes a
comprehensive set of utility command
programs.

■ OS-9 Level 1\uo uses hardware
memory management and can address
over one megabyte of memory. Also
includes pipes and filters for inter-process
data transfers.

■ OS-9 Level One runs on systems
without memory management hardware
having up to S6K memory.

□ OS-9 Level Two
Operating System $495.00*

□ OS-9 Level One
Operating System $150.00*

INTRODUCING

6809

SOFTWARE
POWER
TOOLS

and edited.

■ Buffer, line and character oriented
commands.

■ Search, change and extend operations.

■ Permits multiple input/output files.

□ Disk or tape $75.00

□ ROM sel (27 16) $90.00

OS-9*"
INTERACTIVE ASSEMBLER

STYLOGRAPH"
WORD PROCESSOR

A full-feature screen -oriented word
processing system for interactive
. document entty and editing. Has
cursor-oriented commands with dynamic
screen refresh so the display is an exact
image of the printed text.

■ Editing commands include: line and
character insertion and deletion; global
string searching and replacement; "cut
and paste" text rearrangement, etc.

■ Formatting commands for: paging;
left, right and center justification;
headers and footers: line length and
margins; and much more.

■ I/O drivers for many popular video
terminals including Hazeltine, ADDS,
SWTPC, CIMIX and others.

□ Standard version $135.00
D Special version for

propoitional printers $150.00

BY MICROWARE

E

BASIC*'"
PROGRAMMING
I.ANCUACE SYSTEM

xtended BASIC language
compiler/interpreter with
integrated text editor and debug
package. Runs standard BASIC programs
or minimally-modified PASCAL programs.

■ Permits multiple named program
modules having local variables and
identifiers. Modules are reentrant,
position independent and ROMable.

■ Additional control statements for
structured programming: IF . . . THEN
. . . ELSE, FOR ... NEXT, REPEAT . . .
UNTIL. WHILE ... DO, LOOP . . .
ENDLOOP. EXITIF . . . ENDEXIT.

■ Allows user-defined data types and
complex data structures. Five built-in
data types: byte, integer, 9 digit
floating-point, string and boolean.

■ Outperforms any other BASIC on any
8-bit MPU.

■ Available on ROM. disk or cassette
tape. Runs under OS-9'" Level One or
Level Two.

□ Disk or tape $195.00*

M;

OS 9" TEXT
EDITOR

inimum-keystroke macro text
editor useful for text
preparation or interactive
word processing.

■ User-defined macros with
parameters permit virtually
unlimited command expansion.
Macros can be saved, loaded

Compact Motorola compatible
assembler for machine language
program development.

■ Operates in "batch" mode or
interactive line-by-line mode.

■ Facilities for generation of OS-*"
memory modules and system calls.

■ Formatted listings include syntax and
context error checking.

■ Runs on OS-9" Level One or
Level Two.

□ Disk or tape $75.00

□ ROM sel (2716) $90.00

F

OS-9"
INTERACTIVE
DEBUGGER

acilitates testing and debugging of
machine- language programs.

■ Includes common "monitor"
functions: memoiy examine/change,
breakpoints, display/change registers, etc.

■ Calculator mode evaluates arithmetic
expressions in hex. decimal or binary.

■ Access to system commands.

■ Available on ROM. disk or
cassette tape.

□ Disk or tape $35.00

□ ROM (2716) $50.00

BASIC IB is a trademark of Motorola. OS-9 is a
trademark of Motorola and Mkroware*. UNIX is a
trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories.

Most software is available on ROM.
diskette and tape in versions for many
popular 6809 computers. Source listings
and yearly maintenance/update service
are sold separately for most programs.

'Specify manufacturer and type of CPU
and I/O controllers. Contact Microware*
for specific availability.

K» MICROWARE

Microware Systems Com,. Itept. M3
5835 Grand Avenue
Iks Moines. Iowa 50301
IS15I 279-8841

Ti

A/BASIC COMPILER

'his BASIC compiler generates
pure. fast, efficient 6800 machine
language from easy to write BASIC
source programs. Uses
ultra-fast integer math,
extended string
functions, boolean
operators and real-time
operations. Output is ROMahle and runs
without any nm- time package . Disk
versions have disk I/O statements and
require 12 K memory and host DOS.
Cassette version runs in 8K and
requires RT/68 operating system.

□ Disk Extended Version 2.1

SSB or FLEX* Diskette $150.00
P Cassette Version I.O. $65.00

INNOVATION AND
PERFORMANCE

6800

RT/6H REAL TIME
OPERATING SYSTEM

SOFTWARE

SUPER

POWER

MIKBliC — compatible ROM that combines
an improved monitor/ debugger with a
powerful multitasking real-time operating
system. Supports up to 16
concurrent tasks at 8 priority
levels plus real time clock
and interrupt control.
Thousands in use since 1976 handling all
types of applications. Available on 6830
(MIKBUG-type) or 2708<EPROM-type) ROM.
Manual is a classic on 6800 real-time
applications and contains a full source
program listing.

D RT68MX (6830) $55.00
□ RT68MXP (27081 $55.00

8Y MICROtt/ARE

A

A/BASIC SOURCE
GENERATOR

n "add-on" option for A/BASIC
Compiler disk versions that adds
an extra third pass which gener-
ates a full assembly-language output
listing and assembly language source file.
Uses original BASIC names and inserts
BASIC source lines as comments.

□ SSB or FLEX" Diskette $75.0*

A/BASIC INTERPRETER

Here it is - a super-fast A/BASIC
compiler! Now you can inter-
actively edit, execute and debug
A/BASIC programs with the ease of an in-
terpreter - then compile to super efficient
machine language. Also a superb stand-
alone applications and control- oriented
interpreter. Requires 8K RAM. The cassette

version is perfect for Motorola D2 kits.
□ Cassette, SSB or FLEX' Diskette $95.00

Ti

l.ISP INTERPRETER

he programming Language LISP
offers exciting new possibilities for
microcomputer applications. A
highly interactive interpreter that uses
list-type data structures which are simul-
taneously data and executable instructions
LISP features an unusual structured,
recursive function-oriented syntax. Widely
used for processing, artificial intelligence,
education, simulation symbolic, and
computer-aided design. 6800 LISP requires
a minimum of 12K RAM.
□ Cassette. SSB or FLEX*
Diskette $75.00

'FLEX Is i trademark of Technical Systems
Consultants

A

6H00 CHESS

challenging chess program for
the 6800. Two selectable difficulty
levels. Displays formatted chess

boared on standard terminals. Requires

8K memory. Machine language with

AflASIC source listing.

□ Cassette, SSB or FLEX* Diskette $50.00

Our software is available for most 6800
systems on cassette or diskette unless
otherwise noted. Phone orders welcomed.
We accept MASTKKCHAKGE and VISA.
We try to ship orders within 24 hours of
receipt. Please call or write if you require
additional information or our free
catalog. Microware* software is available
for OEM and custom applications.

K MICROWARG*

Micruware Systems Corpora twn
P.O. flax W65. Iks Moines, 1A 50301
15151 279-8844

MICROSOFT DISK EXTENDED BASIC FOR OS-9

Microsoft Basic is by far the world's most popular Basic
language — and a vast library of applications software
written for it can be used on your system: business
packages, scientific, engineering and educational programs, games,
etc. The 0$-9'" version of Microsoft Basic is a full implementation
of Release 5.0 with the following features:

■ Four variable types: Integer. String. Single Precision Floating
Point (7 Digit). Double Precision Floating Point (16 Digit).

■ Full PRINT USING for formatted output (includes asterisk fill,
floating $. scientific notation, trailing sign, comma insertion).

■ Trace Facilities for program debugging.

■ Extensive program editing facilities via EDIT command

■ Matrices with up to 255 dimensions.

■ IFTHENE1.SE and WHILE/WEND for structured
programming.

■ Automatic Line numbering and renumber.

■ Dynamic string space allocation.

■ Random and sequential file I/O with variable length records.

■ Protected files can he saved in coded binary format.

■ CHAIN and COMMON statements — programs may be linked
together and share common variables.

This version of Microsoft Basic is not just a reassembled 6800
Basic — it has been enhanced to take full advantage of the 6809
and OS-9" superior capabilities. It is also a reliable Basic that you
can count on for your important programs.
□ Microsoft Extended Basic Release 5.0 for OS-9!" $250.00

D Also available: Standard Microsoft 6810 or 6809 Basic
-= — Release 4.51 for Flex". Many features of OS-9'" version.
$250.00 Trademark of Technical Syslu/ns Consultants

SWM MICROWARG.

^= 5835 Grand, Box 1865. Ifes .Moines. IA 50OM • (5I5| 27*«K44

SOFTWARE...
CT1SI has mDREJ

WE INVITE YOU TO LOOK AT OUR NEW SOFTWARE CATALOG
WHICH OFFERS NEW PROGRAMS FOR YOUR 6800 SYSTEM.

•All FLEX'" Programs from TSC are now available for MSI Computer Systems.

'MULTI-DISK FLEX'" from MSI allows the use of any combination of MSI disk devices to be used
simultaneously, including the HD-8/R 10 megabyte drive.

•SORT/MERGE Program can be used manually or within other BASIC or assembler programs
to perform high speed sorts of data files.

•Hemenway Associates Software Products for use under FLEX" are available on the
MSI System.

•TRS-80/MICROSOFT BASIC - MSI BASIC Translator allows MSI users to run
the large library of basic programs written for the TRS-80 and other similar
systems.

•SOFTWARE LIBRARY Programs keep track of all diskette and hard disk
directories, giving alphabetical listings of available programs.

•SDOS Operating System.

•MULTI-USER/MULTI-TASKING SDOS Operating System allows any user to
perform edits, assemblies, compilations, or program executions
independently and simultaneously.

•All MSI software is supported on four (4) disk systems: quad density minifloppy,
single and double density 8" floppy, as well hard disk systems.

'Complete BUSINESS APPLICATION PACKAGES including sales order entry, accounts
receivable, inventory management, purchase order entry, accounts payable, and general
ledger are available on MSI hard disk systems.

•PLOTTING PACKAGE gives daisy-wheel printers the capacity to perform graphics operations.

•LETTERWRITER Word Processing Software allows the use of daisy-wheel printers to generate
documents and to handle correspondence automatically.

FLEX** il « regstensd liaOemar* of Technical Systems Coniulllnn Ine

Send for your catalog today.

midwest Scientific instruments

220 W. Cedar ' Olathe, Kansas 66061 ♦ 913-764-3273
TWX 910 749 6403 (MSI OLAT) Telex 42525 (MSI A OLAT)

SB** :

V\

>■ '

<"" Vi'. wi p'«^ «e*o , * s _-.*•' <""* H ;. o

FRANK HOGG ,

DEBTAL L&JJ0IUT0R7
130 Kidtrwi; Plia
7SC Ei:'. Witcr St
Syraeost. ST 13210

[3161 474-78S6

All vjfrwor. h tvrrafttty »oi1obl« on FW* 7.0 S" ion lottorod dbkt ond OMAF S" Flu di»kv Th» pacing,
indudov a Mo manual, dttk will, ob|«cf todo. FULLY COMMtNTED SOURCE LISTING, a programming
manual with IriformaHan about tna program, hint* for changai ond whaia opprkobt*. tiamplt program*

VISA and MC aoMpMd. SOURCE TCF33*

DEALER INQUIRY ENCOURAGED CanteO fronk Hogg «or mora intormolron.

ATTENTION *t06«AMMBtS I

Wo or* looking for qualify *offwor» to martial. Contact Frank Hogg.

JCP it o»oiloW» m 6800

ui* caH rogarding 6809 o*ailobilrt>.

'68' Micro Journal-

DISK DRIVES - SAVE - $AVE

ft Limited Quantity ft

A Special Purchase for 68' Micro
Journal Readers Only!

SAVE HUNDREDS OF $

Remex RFD4000

8 " Floppy Disc Drives
Double sided . . .
Double density! !

$549.95

ea.

SIEMENS - Model #282

5V4 " Floppy Disc Drives
Double Sided . .
Double Head! ! ^^
(Similar to Photo),

2 for $1049.00
Add: $7.50 each - Shipping and Handling
Offers quality and features found in drives
costing much more! ■ Single or Double Den-
sity ■ Double-sided Drive ■ Door Lock IN-
CLUDED ■ Write-Protect INCLUDED ■ 90
Day Warranty ■ Compatible with Shugart850
■ Low Power Operation ensures LONGER
LIFE!!

$279.95

ea.

Add $6.50 each for Shipping and Handling
90 Day Warranty

riWith each Siemens 5Va° Drive purchased,
we will include (for a limited time) a Bare
SWTPC (Double Sided) DC-3 Controller
Board with Schematics and Parts list at no
extra charge!!

FACTORY FRESH — LATEST PRODUCTION — BRAND

NEW

Single Disk System Copy Routine in Assembled Source Included for a Complete

'Single Drive' Disk System

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Cannot guarantee supply will last if paid for by personal check as personal checks
require 3-4 weeks to clear - Recommend Money Order or Certified Bank Check.

South East Media

P.O. Box 794 Htxson, TN 37343
1-615-870-1993

VERBATIM DISKS

Min. Order 10(1 Box)

8* Soft Sector Single Sided

Double Density S3. 75 ea.

8" Soft Sector Double Sided

Double Density $4.75 ea.

8" Plastic Library Box $5.00 ea.

Add $1.50 Shipping and Handling
Also; Oume Black Multistrike Ribbons $3.87 ea. - Qume Black Nylon Ribbons $2.97 ea.
DEALER AND VOLUME DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

. '68' Micro Journal

5" Soft Sector

$2.92 ea.

5' 10-16 Sector

$2.92 ea.

5" Soft Sector Double Sided

Double Density

$4.92 ea.

5" Plastic Library Box

$2.00 ea.

Flex User Notes

UNFOLDING A DISK

Have you ever received a disk nicely folded or
crushed by 1he U.S. Post Office? I have received several
In that condition, and recently I sent one to a reader
who received It In non-working condition, and wrote
asking me If I had any techniques for recovering such a
disk. I have had to perform surgery on a disk several
times, and have always been successful In recovering
llie Information. First of all, don't ttirow away the next
disk that yoii find worn out or badly scratched (the
magnetic medium) but save the outside Jacket. First,
separate the "flap" of the Jacket at the end opposite
the slot for the read/write head access. You will find
this flap Is "welded" or heat sealed together. After
opening this end of the Jacket, carefully cut the flap
off entirely and remove and 1hrow away 1t e magnetic disk
Inside, that was bed to begin with.

Mhen you receive a disk that has the jacket
creased or crushed so the disk won't turn Inside, do
the same thing to ft, being very careful not to damage
the magnetic disk Inside. Then, remove the disk from
the Jacket and carefully place It In the previously
prepared good Jacket. Be careful to place It In 1tie
Jacket In the same orientation In which It was removed
from the damaged one, le. don't "flip" It. Now, If the
disk Itself has not been damaged, you will be able to
copy It. In general. It works best to close the door of a
drive (which engages the drive with ttie center of the
disk) wltti the drive motor running. This helps center
the disk on the spindle. It also prevents ttie "crinkling"
around ttie edge of the center hole of the disk. Since
the disk In 1hb case Is free to back out of the Jacket,
It Is more Important to be sure ttie drive Is running
when ttie door Is closed. I've used this technique to
rescue among other disks, my first copy of FLEX2 which
SHTPC shipped Inside the Instruction manual wllh no
cardboard softeners. The mailman folded the 9 by 12
envelope In half and stuffed It In the mailbox. I also
recovered my first copy of Lucldato Pascal 1tils way,
and I have used the technique a couple of times on disks
sent by readers.

If you do tills, I strongly recommend copying the
Information onto a new disk that Is In good shape. A disk
running In an open Jacket for any length of time will
accumulate dust and dirt and wear out or become
damaged much sooner than one In a closed jacket.

MORE ON PASCAL

Due to favorable response on the short Item on
Pascal and ways of checking for variables being within
reasonable range, I offer this time, a program called
DATE. DATE does not contain all ttie features of Pascal,
and Indeed, It would be hard to write a useful example
program that does. However, DATE Is a relatively simple
program that Illustrates well the use of several
features of the language. A Pascal program always
takes the same form or outline. The first line must be
PROGRAM followed by the name of the program. The
following sections must be In order but any section may
not be present In a given program:

PROGRAM (PROGRAM NAME);

LABEL 10,20,30;

CONST

PI - 3.T4159265;
NUMBER - 3;

'68' Micro Journal

TYPE

DAYS - I.. 32;

VAR

CH : CHAR;
N : INTEGER;

PROCEDURE PROCEDURENAME (PARAMETER : INTEGER);

BEGIN

{• PROCEDURE IS A BLOCK WITH ANY OR ALL OF
THE ABOVE DECLARATIONS. ANY VARIABLES
DECLARED HERE ARE "LOCAL" TO THIS
PROCEDURE. *>

END;

(• THIS IS A COMMENT. THERE MAY BE ANY NUMBER
OF PROCEDURES AND A PROCEDURE MAY "CALL"
ANOTHER PROCEDURE. ALL CALLS
MUST BE TO PREVIOUSLY DECLARED PROCEDURES •)

(* AFTER ALL PROCEDURES, THE MAIN PROGRAM STARTS •)

BEGIN

(* BODY OF MAIN PROGRAM HERE *)

END.

Note that In the program DATE, there are no
constants declared nor are any labels used. A label
Implies the use of a GOTO somewhere In the program.
Most of the proponents of structured programming feel
the GOTO to be a no-no. There are a few Instances
where avoiding a GOTO Is so complicated 11iat It makes
the program less structured 1ftan using one. For these
cases, the GOTO has been provided. It should not be
abused. DATE also doesn't have any constants declared.
It does, however have some TYPE declarations. MONTHS
Is declared as an "enumerated" type having 12 possible
values, all of which are listed In ttie declaration. Pascal
not only "notes" these 12 values but their order may be
used later In the program. The variables DAYS and
YEARS, are called subrange types. In that they are
really both of the type INTEGER, but they may not be
assigned or otherwise take on the whole range of
possible Integer values. DAYS Is limited to the values
from I to 32, and years from to 99. The VAR
declarations define the variables to be used In the
program. MONTH Is of 1he type MONTHS, DAY of the type
DAYS, and YEAR of the type YEARS. There are some
predeclared types In Pascal, namely INTEGER, REAL,
CHAR, and BOOLEAN. Of course an Integer Is what we call
a whole number, and a REAL contains a decimal fraction
or an Integer plus a decimal fraction. Constants take on
the type of the value assigned to them. Thus In the
example above, PI Is a REAL variable and N Is an
INTEGER. If we declared a variable SWITCH - TRUE; we
would have defined SWITCH as a BOOLEAN constant.
BOOLEAN variables have the value TRUE or FALSE. We
could declare our own type BOOL ° (ON, OFF); and use
these values rattier than TRUE and FALSE.

This brings us to the first procedure In the
DATE program, PROCEDURE ENTERDATE; This procedure
has no parameters passed to It. It operates on the
variables that have been declared as part of Ihe main
program, DAY, MONTH, AND YEAR. It prompts for the
month number and Inputs a response from ttie terminal.
It then enters a loop, after assigning MONTH the value
JAN. The loop Increments a counter K until It Is equal
to N, the month number, and "Increments" ttie variable
MONTH through 1he list of months wl1ti the Instruction
MONTH :« SUCC (MONTH);. The SUCC means SUCCESSOR or
next value In the list of values assigned In the TYPE
declaration. If we were to use SUCC (DEC); we would be In
trouble since DEC Is ttie last value and the list Is not

assumed to "wrap around". In any case, we have now
assigned -the value of ttie month to MONTH. The WHILE 00
loop tests for the condition at the start of the loop,
which means It may not be executed at all Of n-l).
Before this loop, K Is set to I. If the Month Input was
JAN, we don't want to get Into the Increment loop, and
the WHILE DO takes care of that. The ENTEROATE
procedure similarly and In a simpler manner gets the
day and year from the operator. WRITELN; all by Itself,
Is the same as PRINT by Itself In BASIC It simply causes
a linefeed and carriage return.

The procedure INCREMENT Is more Interesting.
It "figures out" whether DAY hes been Incremented past
the end of the current month, and In that case, updates
the nonlh and day. We have not here updated the year
on DEC 3 2, though that would be very simple. In fact, one
could test for the year being divisible by 4 and allow
for FEB 29 In a leap year. To continue with the program,
DAY Is first Incremented. The program then tests for
the shortest month, a single case, with an and of the
conditions MONTH - FEB and DAY - 29. If this test Is
true, tlie DAY Is set to 1 and tlie MONTH to MAR. The
next test Is for the 30 day months, and Its working
should be obvious by now. If the DAY gets to 32,
obviously the monttt Is not' one of tlie shorter ones, and
this test Is sufficient to reset the DAY to 1 and
Increment the month. Note that DEC Is trapped by the IF
MONTH ■ DEC, and the other months are taken care of by
the ELSE MONTH :- SUCC(MONTH);

Although an enumerated type like MONTH may
take on the values listed, the simple command WRITE
(MONTH); doesn't cause the printing of the value of
MONTH to the terminal. Instead, the procedure
SHOWDATE must be used. The Pascal CASE statement Is
the same as the ON N GOTO statement In BASIC, except
that you don't have to calculate a value 1,2, 3, etc. for
the "on" variable. The structure Is adequately
Illustrated In the program. The syntax Is CASE
VARIABLENAME OF, followed by a list- of possible cases as
labels, with the consequence following each label. The
result Is like a series of IF-THEN statements, IF MONTH
■ JAN THEN WRITE ("JAN")j IF MONTH ■= FEB THEN WRITE
("FEB"); etc Standard Pascal gives an error message If
In this case for example, MONTH has a value other than
one of those listed In the case statement. In this
program, we have used all the possible values of MONTH
so that Is not a possibility. Some of the Pascal
Implementations have attempted to "fix" this by adding
an OTHERWISE to the end of tlie case structure to catch
any other values not listed In 1lie case structure.

The last line of SHOWDATE Is the write
statement. WRITELN followed by a list of variables of
literal strings In quotes. Is like a PRINT In BASIC
without a comma or seml-coton at the end. That Is, a
linefeed and CR are generated at 1tie end of the line. In
this case, we have already output the MONTH, and this
line adds the value of DAY and YEAR. The ":2" following
the variable name DAY and YEAR specifies tha the
Integer number Is to be printed In a field of 2 columns.

In the case of his example, the main program Is
really nothing but a test routine for the procedures. If
these procedures were to be Included n a larger
program, the main program there would probably drive
these procedures perhaps asking for the date on power
up, and updating the date on the basis of a real time
clock reaching Midnight. The REPEAT UNTIL structure
looks for the condition after 1ha UNTIL to test TRUE.
The condition In the main program here Is essentially
REPEAT UNTIL FALSE - TRUE, which of course can't
happen. This Is therefore an "Infinite" loop 1tat may be
exited only by a reset or power off condition.

I hope tills quick tour through a Pascal program
will point out the tact that the main structures of
Pascal will be familiar to you, and the great flexibility
In defining data types will make the program readable to

10

you and to another programmer. The line In the main
program IF CH » "E" THEN ENTEROATE ELSE INCREMENT;
calls either tlie procedure ENTERDATE or the procedure
INCREMENT depending on the value of the character
entered from the terminal. A procedure Is called simply
by naming It.

You may be wondering about the use of the
semi-colon. It Is at first confusing, but It simply ends a
statement. In a few cases, the statement Is terminated
by another means and the semi-colon may be omitted. A
compound statement Is one that starts with a BEGIN,
containing two or more simple statements, that
themselves end with a semi-colon, 1he whole compound
statement ending with an EN0> The END terminates the
compound statement and the statement proceeding It
does not need the semi-colon, but most Pascal
Implementations will not object If one Is there. The last
statement before END In a CASE statement must not
have a semi-colon, and you must be careful not to put
one In the middle of a statement such as FOR N:« 1 TO 10
DO; WRITE (N:2);. Willi the semi-colon after the DO, the
loop will simply "count to Itself" to 10 and then execute
the WRITE once. Without the extra punctuation, the
whole thing becomes one statement, and the loop
terminates at the proper place. I hope this little run
through a Pascal program will convince you that It Is not
so formidable after alL
A REQUEST

Some of you may have noticed that I haven't
Included my phone number In the heading for this column.
My number Is listed In Ann Arbor, and the Information
operator will give It to you If you ask for It. when 1 was
publishing a newsletter for 60 or so people, I received
calls Infrequently, and there was no problem. '68' Micro
Journal has a circulation of about 10,000. If one
par-cent of you were to call me In one week of
evenings, I would be driven slightly buggy. Please
remember that this activity Is In addition to a full time
Job, and respect my "I want to be alone" time In the
evening. I won't turn down a long distance call, though I
may be Irritated by It. If you have a "real emergency"
please feel free to call. Otherwise, please allow me my
time with my family and permit me the option of
answering your question or helping with your problem at
a time that Is convenient to me. I have so far answered
every lelter I have received from you readers. I don't
know If that will always be possible, but I will continue as
long as 1 can. Please write If you have questions,
problemsi comments, criticisms, etc. Some of the best
material for this effort has resulted from your Input of
questions. If you have a particularly perplexing
problem, perhaps many others are experiencing the
same problem and would like to have tlie answer too, or
maybe one of our readers has solved the same problem
for himself, and a mention of It here will bring a very
good solution to you.

A CLARIFICATION

In the September Issue, there Is an article by
Wilton Hart that provides a very good patch to FLEX2,
which I have Implemented In my system In a slightly
different manner than that described In the article. My
doing tills was motivated by a letter from John Deal, one
of our readers. John had first tried appending the
patch to FLEX.C0R, and for some reason had no success.
He then tried loading FLEX2, adding the patch and saving
FLEX2. Probably because FLEX2 had already been
ttirough 1tie Initializing portion, asking for the date and
handling the STARTUP file, his saved version didn't ask
for the date. Wilton Indicated that the boot program
only loads FLEX2 and will not load the patch If It Is
placed at SBFBI as he has done. The boot program, I
assume only loads to tBFBO. Rather then perform a
permanent modification to FLEX2, I chose to prepare
the patch which I called FLEX0V, as a separate file with
no trensfer address. 1 added my previously done overlay
to change the head seek rate for my Shugart SA-400

'68' Micro Journal

drives, and modified the STARTUP file by adding 'GET
FLEXOV.BIN. 0' as one of the Instructions. This of
course loads the file, and It doesn't malter If the load
overlays FLEX2, since now the Boot program Is long
gone.

Ttiere Is another advantage to this approach, In
that FLEX2 Is not modified permanently. Your FLEX2.SYS
file Is left Intact, and you will not have "different"
versions on different disks, and additionally, you won't
have the problem of having to figure out how to
"unappend" FLEX2 If you ever want to undo the patch.
To remove It all you need do Is delete the Instruction In
the STARTUP file to get It. Another advantage Is ttiat
you may combine your other patches with this one and
save sectors on your system disk. If yours Is like mine,
you have very few sectors left on It. This same
approach, of course applies to Mlnlflex as welL The
listing of my overlay Is Included here. By the way, thank
you Wilton Hart for a super fix to Flex2l

PROGRAM DATE;

TYPE

MONTHS - (JAN,FEB,MAR,APR,MAY,JUN,JUL,AUG,SEP,0CT,NOV,OEC
DAYS - 1..32;
YEARS ■ 0. .99;

VAR

MONTH : MONTHS;
DAY : DAYS;
YEAR : YEARS;
01 : CHAR;

PROCEDURE ENTERDATE;

VAR

K,N : INTEGER;

BEGIN

WRITE ("ENTER MONTH (I. .12)");

READ (N);

WRITELN;

MONTH :« JAN; K :■ I;

WHILE K<>N DO

BEGIN

K:»K*I ;

MONTH :« SUCC (MONTH)
END;

WRITE ("ENTER DAY (1..31)");

READ (DAY);

WRITELN;

WRITE ("ENTER YEAR (0..99)");
READ (YEAR);
WRITELN;
END;

PROCEDURE INCREMENT;

BEGIN

DAY :■ DAYtl;

IF (MONTH = FEB) AND (DAY - 29) THEN

BEGIN

DAY :■ 1;

MONTH :" MAR;
■NO;

IF ((MONTH-APR) OR (MONTH-JUN) OR (MOHTK-SEP)
AND (DAY-3D1HEN OR (MONTH-NOV))

BEGIN

DAY :- 1;

MONTH :■ SUCC (MONTH);

END;

IF DAY « 32 THEN

BEGIN

DAY

:■ 1;

IF MONTH - DEC THEN MONTH :

ELSE

MONTH

= SlICC (MONTH);

END;

END;

PROCEDURE

SHOWDATE

I

BEGIN

CASE MONTH OF

JAN

: WRITE

("JAN")

FEB

; WRITE

("FEB")

MAR

: WRITE

("MAR")

APR

: WRITE

("APR")

MAY

: WRITE

( "MAY" )

J UN

: WRITE

("JUN")

JUL

: WRITE

("JUL")

AUG

: WRITE

("AUG")

SEP

: WRITE

("SEP")

OCT

i WRITE

("OCT")

NOV

: WRITE

("NOV"),

DEC

: WRITE

("DEC")

END; («

CASE •

JAN

);

WRITELN (", ",0AY:2,\ ".YEAR: 2);
END;

(* MAIN PROGRAM »)

BEGIN
REPEAT

WRITE ("ENTER DATE(E) OR INCREMENT ( I )?");
READ (CH);
WRITELN;
WRITELN;

IF CH = "E" THEN ENTERDATE ELSE INCREMENT;
SHOWDATE;
UNTIL FALSE; RONALD W. ANDERSON

END 3540 STRUeRIDGE COURT

ANN AR80R, Ml 48105

'68' Micro Journal

Left to right: Dan Farnsworth of Palm Beach Computers
presents a new GIMIX mainframe to Grand Prize winner
Brian F. Bailey of Plantation, Fiord la.

Brian Bailey of Plantation, Flordla was presented with a
new GIMIX Standard S50 Bus computer (value $900.00) at
the November meeting of the South Florida Computer
Group. This fine machine was donated by GIMIX, 133?
West 37th Place, Chicago, IL 60609.

Brian was a recent Grand Prize winner In the
International Giant Software Contest, sponsored by 68
Micro Journal and various manufacturers and vendors of
Standard S50 Bus computers and software.

Bailey's winning program Is to be made available by
GIMIX for their customers. It will also be published In 68
Micro Journal at some later date.

Bailey Is an employee of Circle Line of New Yrok as
Chief Marine Engineer. Bailey formlly attended Florida

\ 11

Technical University Orlando and RCA Institute In New
York. His hobbles Include computers, ham radio and
music

Our congratulations to you 8rlan for a fine software
utility.

UNIFLEX

lasss"

■ *

IV. The File System

The UnlFLEX" operating system has three main
functions, file maintenance, I/O control, and task
scheduling. The structure of the file system Is
probably the most Important, since design flaws here will
Impair almost every program run on the system. Here
again, the UNIX" file system was modeled quite closely.

There are Itiree basic types of files, ordinary,
directory, and special. The majority of files are
ordinary tiles. These tiles are simply a collection of
bytes, having no special meaning. There Is no concept
of 'records' and no forced structuring of data. All files
may be accessed either sequentially or randomly and
may be as large as one billion bytes.

All files In the system are 'protected' by a set
of permission bits. These permission bits determine
whether or not a file may be read, written, or
executed. Two bits exist for each of these modes, one
defining the permission for the file's owner, and
another one for the permission of all others. As an
example, 1tie owner of a file may set ttie permissions
such 1tiat he may read or write the file, but all others
may only read It.

The second file type Is the directory. A
directory Is exactly the same as an ordinary file with
the exception that the data In the directory Is
operating system defined. Each directory entry
requires 16 bytes, 14 of which are used to store the
file name, and the remaining two are used for the 'File
Descriptor Node', or fdn for short. The fdn Is simply a
16 bit number used to Identify the file on the disk.
There Is no limit to 1he number of directories.

The directories on the system form a
hierarchical tree structure. The root of the tree Is
called the 'root' directory. Any directory may contain
entries which are names of other directories (or
subdirectories). Each user of the system Is assigned his
own directory. When a user Mogs-ln', this becomes his
'current directory'. Since many files and directories
exist on the system, a mechanism Is needed for
specifying a particular file In a specific directory.
This mechanism Is known as a 'path name'. The path name

Is a list of directory names separated by slashes, all
followed by the file name desired. As an example, the
palh name '/usr/ John/test' tells the system to start In
the root directory (specified by the leading '/■ In the
path name), find the directory named 'usr' In the root,
then scan 1hat directory for the directory named
'John', and finally scan the directory 'John' for the
file named 'test*. If a path name Is specified without
1he leading '/', 1he search will start In the current
directory as opposed to the root directory.

All directories have at least two entries, one
named '.', and one named '..'. These names are purely
convention. The file '.' represents the directory
Itself, and the file name '..' represents this
directory's parent directory. The '. ' entry Is useful
In referencing the current directory without knowing
Its name, and the '..' entry Is used for reverse
traversal of the directory tree.

The permission bits previously described also
apply to directories. If a user 'read' protects his
directory, others will not be able to display the
contents of the directory, and If the directory Is
'write' protected, no new files may be placed In the
directory. If a directory Is 'execute' protected, It
may not be 'searched' for a specified file name, or as
part of a path name.

As an extension to the directory tree
structure of a file system, another file system (disk
unit or units) may be 'mounted' at any node of the tree.
The mounting process effectively replaces an existing
node (directory) with the root directory of the
mounted file system. As an example, a system with two
disk drives will use one of the drives as the system
'root device', that Is, the drive containing the
directory known as '/' to the system. In order to
access the directories and files on the second drive. It
Is only necessary to mount this device on an existing
directory of the root device. The mounting operation
will cause the contents of the selected directory to
become Inaccessible, replacing Its contents with the
root of the directory tree on the second drive. An
'unmount* operation will restore the original directory.
This procedure logically extends the notion of file
names to allow access to any file on any currently
mounted file system.

A specific example will clarify the mount
operation. Let's assume ihere Is a directory named
*user2' In the root directory of the main system disk.
Let's also assume that we have another disk which
contains a file named 'test' In a directory named
'source' In the root directory of that disk. Performing
a mount of 1hls second disk onto the directory 'user2'
will now allow access of the file 'test' with the following
path name:

/user2/source/test

Note that no mention of 'device name' or device type
was necessary to access this file. This structure allows
several file systems to be connected together as one
big tree, greatly simplifying overall file organization.

The third type of file In UnlFLEX" Is the device
(or special) file. All devices on the system appear as
file names In directories, Just as regular files. Allot
the devices are normally kept In the directory '/dev*.
This means 1het programs which read and write file data
may Just as easily read and write data to and from a
device. As an example, to write data to a printer, the
program could write to the file '/dev/prlnter'. Treating
I/O devices In this way allows fairly device Independent
I/O, In that file and device I/O operations are very
similar. It also allows the same protection scheme used
for files to work for devices. This mechanism of device

12

'68' Micro Journal

files, or 'special files' Is Identical to that used by ttie
UNIX" operating system.

Since files and I/O devices are so similar, the
same system I/O calls may be used for both. The
UnlFLEX 4 system calls to perform I/O allow 'files' to be
created, opened, read, wrllten, and deleted. The
following examples show the calls as procedure calls In a
general high level language form. The exact calling
sequence Is defined by 1tie actual language In use. The
call to open a file looks like this:

opentname, mode)

where 'name' Is 1he path name of the file to be opened
and 'mode' specifies whelher the file should be opened
for read, write, or update (both read and write). The
open call returns a value called 1he 'file descriptor 1
which Is used to Identify the file for future I/O
operations. The file descriptor Is simply a number which
the operating system associates with the file opened.

The open call requires 1he specified file to
already exist. To create a new file (or truncate an
existing file to zero length), the 'create' system call Is

used.

createCname, permissions)

This call also returns a file descriptor. The
'permissions' argument specifies which permission bits
should be associated with the file. Once the create has
been executed, the file Is left 'opened for write'.

To read data from an open file, the system call
'read' Is used.

position from the file's beginning, end, or current
position, determined by the value of 'type'. This call
returns the actual value of 1he resulting file pointer
(bytes from ttie file beginning). Seeking beyond 1tie end
of a file and reading will result In an end of file
condition, while writing will simply extend the file to
Include ttie wrllten data. It should be noted that file
extensions allocate Just enough disk space to record
the new data. As an example, performing a seek to byte
10,000 In a file which has length of 100, and writing one
character will produce a file of logical length 10,000,
but only two disk blocks will be allocated to ttie file.
Reading data from ttie file will yield null bytes where no
disk space Is actually present.

The disk 1/0 facilities of UnlFLEX" are quite
efficient, allowing full processor overlap with disk 1/0
transfers. The system maintains a disk block buffer
cache used to keep the most recently accessed disk
blocks In main memory. When a program requests data
from a particular disk block, the system first searches
Its memory buffer cache for the block. If It Is found, no
disk transfer need be made. If It Is not found, ttie
oldest block In the cache Is given up, and Its
corresponding buffer Is replaced by ttie contents of
the requested block.

UnlFLEX" also supports full 'read ahead' and
'write behind' data transfers. Reed ahead Implies that
whenever the system needs to read a block of a file. It
will automatically read the next sequential block as well.
Since ttie disk reed operation Is overlapped wltti ttie
CPU operation, very IHtle, If any, time Is wasted doing
the additional read. Write behind means ttiat any data to
be written to ttie disk Is simply placed In one of the
cache buffers, and written at a convenient time.
Programs writing data are not delayed until the write
actually occurs. This combination of read ahead, write
behind, and the block buffer cache, gives UnlFLEX" a
superior 1/0 transfer rate.

read(flle-desc, buffer, count)

The 'flle-desc' Is the file descriptor returned by the
open call. The argument 'buffer' Is a pointer to the
space where 1he system will place the data from the
file. The 'count' argument specifies the number of
bytes wanted from ttie file. The corresponding 'write'
operation Is similar.

wrlte(f lle-desc, buffer, count)

In 1tils case, 'count' bytes are written from 'buffer' to
the file represented by the file descriptor. In both
the read and ttie write calls, a value Is returned which
Is ttie actual number of bytes reed or written. When
writing, the returned value should always be equal to
the requested 'count 1 , or an error has occured. The
value returned by read does not need to equal the
'count', and a returned value of zero represents the
'end of file' condition.

UnlFLEX" also supplies a mechanism for file
'record locking'. This Is one area where the UNIX"
operetlng system falls short. The system calk

lrec(flle-desc, count)

will lock 'count' bytes from 1tie current file pointer In
the file represented by ttie file descriptor. The count
size or record size may be anywhere from 1 to 65535
bytes. The locking action Is more of a convention than
an actual herd lock operation. After locking a section
of a file, other programs may still read or write that
section of ttie file without error. If another program
tries to lock a section of a file which Is already locked,
however, an error will result. This structure has proven
to be very efficient In ttiat programs dealing wltti data
base type files may make use of the lock mechanism and
preserve data Integrity, while those working with
regular files need not be concerned. A locked record
may be unlocked by another lock call, closing 1tie file,
or Issuing ttie 'urec' call to specifically unlock ttie
record.

Reading and writing may take place In any part
of the file. Each open file has a 'file pointer'
associated with It. Reads and writes start at the
current position of this pointer and advance the
pointer by the number of bytes transferred. An open
operation sets the file pointer to the beginning of the
file. The 'seek' system call allows repositioning of the
file pointer. It has the form:

see k(f lle-desc, offset, type)

where ttie file descriptor selects the file, and the
'offset' Is a byte count representing ttie relative

'68' Micro Journal

There are several additional system calls In
UnlFLEX" pertaining to I/O. These Include file closing,
deletion, and linking. Other calls exist to create new
directories, change a file's owner and permissions, and
get a file's status.

V. Task Structure

Each program under UnlFLEX" runs as a
separate task, When a task Is actively running. It has
Its own dedicated address space. This means that the
task has ttie complete address space of 1tie CPU and any
part of ttils space will either contain memory or be

13

totally void, No I/O devices or system code Is present
when the task Is running. Each task Is assigned enough
memory to hold Its program, data, and stack. The
program (or text) size Is set at the Initial excutlon of
the task and remains fixed. The data and stack
segments may grow or shrink dynamically. The text part
of a program may be 'shared' among all tasks currently
executing 1he same program. This Is done automatically
and tends to make more efficient use of available main
memory. The operating system keeps a large amount of
Information about each active task. Including which user
started 1he task, the task Identifier, the current
program size, amount of CPU time used, age of the task,
and task activity Information. Tasks are scheduled CPU
time based on their priority. The priority value Is
constantly adjusted by the system to reflect the
current status.

New tasks are created by the 'fork' system
calk The fork call causes 1he calling task to duplicate
Itself, or split Into two Identical tasks. The complete
address space of the calling task Is duplicated for the
new task, as well as 1he task's complete environment.
Including open files, etc. The new task starts
execution upon return from the fork call. It may be
distinguished from 1he parent In only one way. The fork
call will return a value of zero to the new child task, and
a value which represents the child's task Identifier
(never zero) to 1he parent. This allows each task to
determine If It Is 1fie child or the parent. The return
from the 'fork' Is a little different at the assembly
language leveL Here, the return to the original task Is
two bytes beyond that of the new task. This allows the
new task to perform a 'branch' Instruction before
continuing. The child's task Identifier Is still returned
to the parent task.

There are no restrictions placed on what Itte
new task can do. Normally, It will perform an 'exec'
system call which will Invoke a new program. The form of
the 'exec' call Is as follows:

exectf lie-name, argument I, argument2, ..., argumentn)

The 'file-name' Is 1he name of the program to be loaded
and run. The calling task's address space Is replaced by
tt\at of the called program. The 'arguments' are made
available to the new program as an array of strings.
Note that a return from an 'exec* to the calling task Is
an error condition, usually because the specified file
name was nor found or not executable. The 'exec' call
can be thought of as a 'Jump' type Instruction where
control Is passed to the first Instruction of the called
program. Host of ttie task's environment parameters,
such as open files, are preserved across the exec.
Leaving files open allows for easy Implementation of
the standard I/O mechanism. All tasks usually start with
three files already open known as the standard I/O
files, as previously described. These files have file
descriptors for the standard Input, 1 for the
standard output, and 2 for the standard error channel.

A task which 'forks' another task may 'wait' for
the child task to terminate. The wait system call will
block the calling task until one of Its children tasks
terminate. Upon termination, the wait call will return to
the caller, returning the task Identifier and the
termination status of the dead task. Tasks normally
terminate by the 'term' system ca IL It has the form:

t«rm( status)

where status Is a value made available to the parent
task. A status of zero Indicates normal termination,
while nonzero specifies an error condition. A task may
also be terminated by a 'program Interrupt'. Tasks have

14

a choice of Ignoring or catching these Interrupts to
avoid termination. As an example, the Interrupt
character (control C) Is sent as a program Interrupt to
all tasks associated with the terminal producing It.
Normally, this will terminate the task, but programs like
the Text Editor choose to catch this Interrupt and take
special action such as re-Issuing 1he prompt to accept
another command.

Tasks are run on a prioritized basis, the
highest priority always being run. A task's priority Is
constantly being adjusted to reflect Its size, age, and
CPU activity. Tasks may also be swapped to secondary
storage If the demand arises. The swap algorithm has
built In hysteresis to avoid swapping out a task which
has Just been swapped In but not permitted to run.
UnlFLEX's" scheduling routine Is quite complex and
tries to take In as many factors as possible when
making scheduling decisions. As an example, tasks which
have been Ignored for a long time tend to Increase In
priority, and those which are hogging the system's
resources are penalized. The Idea here Is to be as
fair as possible to all tasks In the system. There Is
only one system Imposed limit to the maximum number of
tasks permitted In the system at any one time, the
amount of memory available for the 'task table'. This
does not tend to be a restriction since other hardware
limitations tend to determine the useful maximum.

There are several other system calls which
pertain to tasks. These Include calls to get a task's
Identifier, Its owner, and one to Incrementally adjust
the priority over a small range. This last call Is
particularly useful for setting lower priorities for
tasks which are typically background Jobs.

VI. UnlFLEX" Overview

UnlFLEX" Is a very complete multi-user,
multi-tasking operating system. It Is Intended to run
with larger microcomputer systems and Is not well suited
for the small memory, small disk systems. The decision
to require memory segment management (not bank
switching) and efficient disk devices eliminated all
compromises In the design. Small machines should have
small operating systems while sophisticated hardware
configurations deserve nothing but the most
sophisticated operating systems. Trying to write an
operating system which works equally well with limited
hardware configurations almost always results In a less
than optimal system.

One question which always arises when discussing
multi-user operating systems Is 'How many users'? This
Is a difficult question to answer because there are so
many variables. UnlFLEX" can support any number of
users, but the practical number ranges from two to
about twenty on the 6809, and up to thirty-two on a 16
bit microprocessor. In most environments, more
terminals may be connected than the upper practical
user limit since not all terminals will be In use at any
given time.

Many factors determine the maximum user
count. These Include such things as the amount of main
memory, the processor clock speed, number of different
hard disk drives, number of hard disk controllers, the
hardware I/O structure, the efficiency of the memory
management unit, and response times desired. The
amount of main memory affects the amount of swapping
the system will perform. If a separate high speed disk
Is used for swapping, less main memory Is required. If
one disk Is being used for all system and user files, as
well as swapping, additional memory will speed up the
system significantly. The speed of the swapping disk Is
also very Important. Those running with a floppy disk
drive for swapping will see a definite decrease in
system performance.
r 68" Micro Journal

Soma applications ere vary terminal I/O bound.
Word processing Is one example. A system will generally
be able to support more terminals for word processing
than ttie same system could support for scientific or
engineering applications. Business applications also
tend to be very terminal I/O Intensive. Keep In mind,
that a terminal which Is running a program waiting for
Input, has almost no Impact on the system. Those
environments which present ttils condition the majority
of the time will be able to support many more users
than those which are constantly running compute bound
programs. Programs which generate a tremendous amount
of output will degrade the system If the output Is
displayed at high baud rates* This degradation may be
overcome by a 'front-end' 1/0 processor.

The final consideration In determining the
number of users Is the response time required.
Response time Is defined as the Interval of time from
the Instance a keyboard entry Is made, until the
expected response Is obtained. In many environments,
the response time Is not critical. Many educational
systems, for example, would rallier support more users
at ttie cost of response time, since more users reduces
the cost per student. All of these considerations are
not peculiar to UnlFLEX", but apply to any multi-user
system, regardless of size.

The efficiency of an operating system can be
partly determined by 1he amount of overhead required
to perform a particular operation. UnlFLEX" was
designed to keep system overhead at a minimum. Much of
the current overhead Is hardware Imposed, but future
systems promise to Improve on ttils.

Since file activity Is usually the biggest
bottleneck In multi-user systems, tlie file system must
be very efficient. UnlFLEX" Is very efficient, not only In
file storage overhead, but also In file transfers. The
overhead Involved In file storage Is determined by the
directory space. Hie file status Information, and the
file mapping Information. In all, ttils Is typically less
•tfian 81 overhead, a figure which Is very respectable.

The disk transfer rate Is where UnlFLEX" really
shines. As a comparison, consider ttie test presented In
'The Bell System Technical Journal', July-August 1978,
pages 1950-1951. This test compared three
mini-computer operating systems by simply timing a disk
file copy. The file was 480 blocks In length (245,760
bytes) end was copied on a system which was otherwise
Idle. This same test was run under UnlFLEX", on e
Southwest Technical Products S/09 6809 computer
system. The main system disk was a Century Data
Marksman, which Is Winchester technology and holds
approximately 17 megabytes of formatted data. The
6809 was only running at one megahertz. The results of
the test were as follows:

system

UnlFLEX"

UNIX"

IAS"

seconds

27
21
19

msec. /block

28.1
21.8
19.8

Both UNIX" and IAS" were running on DEC POP 11/70's. It
Is no surprise that UnlFLEX" places last, but It Is a
surprise that It Is only about 231 slower than UNIX" on
an 11/701 Increasing the speed of the processor to two
megahertz should bring this value even closer (the
total time would probably be reduced to about 24
seconds). This test does not prove much. If anything,
but It Is an Interesting comparison.

This document Is not Intended to be a complete
description of the UnlFLEX" operating system. Instead,
It presents some of the system's highlights hopefully
of Interest to the reader.

'68' Micro Journal

RUMORS

New from SWTPC are two new CRT terminals, see
Inside front cover this Issue. We have been using a
couple for the past month or so and the sturdy
construction and compatibility with the older CT-82
make elttier a simple and logical upgrade. There are
some very nice Improvements In utility as opposed to
the CT-82, more on ttils In a review to come later.

The MICRO WORKS has developed and will soon be
delivering some new machine language software for ttie
TRS-SOC'.

The primary program, delivered on tape, 1$ a
machine language monitor called CBUG.

Also available soon but not tested as of ttils
writing Is a disassembler for 6809 code, which allows
disassembly of any program In RAM, Including BASIC, or
any program pah. Program paks may be disassembled by
covering a pek pin wltti tape and having the pak plugged
In, more on ttils maybe next month as we want to test
this to Insure tliat no damage will occur.

My understanding Is that 1he first offerings of
the 'Dissembler' require a printer (serial) attached to
the output port for listing. This Is due to ttie required
wldlh of a listing and the restriction (mandated by the
6847 generator) of 32 characters screen width. Bob, of
THE MICRO WORKS Informed me that a CRT screen version
Is soon to follow.

Also will be a general purpose pak board for
Insertion of your own (or purchased) programs In EPROM,
2716. This Inserts In ttie pok-slot on the side.

Information has It that the present version of
the SAM 6863 IC Is experiencing a larger than expected
failure rate. If you need to order anottier they are
already In the Tandy spare parts catalog.

As of tt>b writing we know of TRS80C" machines
that are expanded fully with a combination of dynamic
and static RAM, 40K of useable memory. Also 'uploading
and downloading' from the color computer to your
Standard S50 bus machine Is possible using CBUG.

The level II of BASIC Is not available as of 1Ms
writing but expands the graphics by commands such as
DRAWLINE, PAINT, STRING and Includes the trig and
additional string functions, among other extended
commands and functions.

These programs allow machine and assembler
language programming and also preserve calls to the
TRS80-C" BASIC.

I have found no serious bugs In CBUG and It is a
powerful monitor, as the listing above indicates,
especially for It's small size.

A real flurry of advertisers for color computer
software has come to us within the past few days. Some
we are not accepting until we 'check It out', as Is our
standard policy.

Even Mickey Ferguson, well known 68XX author
and occasional contributing editor to 68 Micro Journal,
Is busy preparing color graphics software for the
Tandy color machine. This has led to 1he formation of
'COLORWARE"', devoted to serious and fun software for
the TRSflOC". Good luck Mlckeyl

Hope to have a review of the Computerware
offerings next month or so. See advertisement this
Issue.

_15

If you are planning to develope and advertise
software or hardware for the TRS80C", then you should
drop me a line. We have received a healthy batch of new
subscribers, who have obtained a color computer. They
will need to know.

BOOKS

Over ttie past few months we have been receiving
books for review. This month we will look at one, from
TAB, that many users will find useful. It Is a softback
titled, THE MOST POPULAR SUBROUTINES IN BASICS It Is
TAB book number 1050, and Is the effort of Ken Tracton.

This entire offering Is a collection of ttiose
subroutines that require a specific knowledge to write.
As the cover suggest It Is 'not a theoretical manual, but
a practical handbook for the professional and hobbyist'.

For those who have a problem with math at all
levels It Is a necessary programming tool. For the
advanced programmer, not wishing to reinvent ttie wheel,
It Is also a necessary programming tool. Physics,
chemistry, math, calculas, metric conversions,
electrical and mechanical engineering, finance and
business subroutines are only a part of this book. An
awful lot of material has been packed Into It's 183
pages.

It Is this reviewers opinion that this manual at
$5.95 Is an excellent addition to any programmers
library.

Index '1980

The following Is an INDEX of articles and other material
published In 68 Micro Journal, for the year 1980. Some
back Issues are available for $3.50 each plus mall and
handling.

JANUARY 1980:

GIANT SOFTWARE CONTEST, sraff, age 8. SPIRIT, A NEW
LANGUAGE, By Puckett, page 9. 32K FOR 1/2 PRICE,
SWTPC 16/32K Memory board, by Puckett, page 11.
INTERFACING THE HI-TYPER, by Carter, page 12.
HEMENWAY'S CP/68, review by Adams, page 15. 6809 TO
THE AM9511, by Farmer, page 21. CFM FILE LISTER, by
Mlddaugh, page 26. FLEX ON MSI, by Sprout, page 27.
WINDEX: 6809 DRIVER, PERC0M board, by Rushing, page
28. SPHERE BASIC, by Johnson, page 30. REFERRED
ARTICLES, editorial by Don Williams Sr, Publisher, page
33. PRINT. SYS FOR FFL PRINTERS, by Stamm, page 34.

FEBRUARY 1980:

GIANT SOFTWARE CONTEST, update, page 8. 1979 68 MICRO
JOURNAL INDEX, by Schreler, page 9. JBI 1024/CT-64 HI
SPEED BOARD, a review, page 14. PERC0M PR0T0 BDARDS,
a review, page 14. MICRO-TIME RT CLOCK, a review, page
13. CORES, JBUG AND MINIBUG II - MEK6800S2, by
Peterman, page 16. 6801/6803/6809 TO SWTPC MP-A2 CPU
BOARD, by Pentecost, page 17. B00KEEPING (Disk and
Tape), by Stock, page 19. A DATA ENCRYPTION FOR 6800,
by Elbert and Lacour, page 29.

MARCH 1980:

MULTI-USER ED SYSTEM, by Gerhold and Khertaty, page 8.
BOOKEEPING - Part 2, by Stock, page 10. DUMPFILE and
DUMPCMDS, by Plgford, page 15. SWTPC TO PD-I I, PD-I I
TO SWTPC, page 2 2. TRAP (FLEX"), by Johnson, page 23.
TSC RANDOM FILES, by Schreler, page 23. TAPE
LABELING, by Looney, page 26. CASSETTE BASIC K (AAA),
reader review, page 28. WEST COAST COMPUTER FAIRE,
page 29.

16 _

APRIL 1980: „. „

SPLM A LANGUAGE, by Puckett, Page 8. BASIC UTILITIES, a
review, page II. DATA ENCRYPTION, by LaCour and
Elbert, page 13. BOOKEEPING - Part 3, by Stock, page
18. DISK MODS, by Kylllngstad, page 21. 6800 and 6809, by
Alexander, page 23. SSB DOS 68.5 PATCH, by Alford,
page 23. BIT BUCKET, numerous small articles and some
not so small, page 29. TRIM (BASIC), by Mosely, page 36.

MAY 1980:

SWTPC MP-09 CPU CARD, by Clark, page 8. MPl 51/52 DISK
DRIVES, by Pass, page 8. A HOBBYIST SPEAKS (Tape), by
Llbby, page 9, SSB DOS - Ver. 5.1, by Puckett, age 10.
MINIDISK* DOS, a review, page 11. BASIC UTILITY
PACKAGE, by Puckett, page 14. STUFF FOR 680B, by
Jones, page 16. BCD MULTIPLY, by Visher, page 19.
MEK-02 to S50 BUS, by Phelps, page 21. BOOKEEPING
(Final?), by Stock, page 28. BIT BUCKET, page 30.

JUNE 1980:

COMPUTER SHOWS, editorial. Page 8. A FAIRE TALE, by
The Dons (GIM1X), page 9. TSC DIAGNOSTICS, a review,
page 11. NOTES: BUSINESS PROGRAMMING, by Cagle, age

12. FLEX USER NOTES, by Anderson (monthly column), page

20. BIT BUCKET, page 26. SWTPC PWR S PPLY UPGRADE,
by Gore, page 27. BUSINESS PRGS (Holding), staff, page
27. TWO FOR ONE, by Downes, page 29. TSC NEWDISK FIX,
by Stamm, page 30. D TOWERS-BASIC, by Deal, page 31.
SECTORS (FLEX), by Knight, page 33.

JULY 1980:

TRAPDOOR FUNCTION - ENCRYPTION, by Elbert and
Enzlan, page 8. JPC OVERVIEW, a review, page 15. FLEX
USER NOTES, by Anderson, page 17. PATCH SWTPC BASIC
Ver 3 TO DISK, by Cagle, page 21. BIT BUCKET, page 26.

AUGUST 1980:

NEW PRODUCTS - RUMORS, staff, page B. READTEST, a

review, page 10. FLEX USER NOTES, by Anderson, page

13. ANOTHER FFP ROUTINE, by Jordon, page 18.
DOCUMENT (BASIC), by Cagle, page 19.
C0MM-PR0G-M0DEM, by Looney, page 19. PASS PARMS
FLEX-BASIC, by Hogg, page 20. FAST AD CONVERTER, by
Zlmmer, page 21. JPC PROG CLOCK KIT, a review, page
22. BIT BUCKET, page 26. TSC BASIC TO PERC0M, by
Streck and Zlmmer, page 28. SETV-SH0WV (SSB), by
Johnson, page 29,

SEPTEMBER 1980:

WARRANTIES, editorial, page 10. VC-256 VIDEO GRAPHICS,
by Hanon, page 10. FLEX USER NOTES, by Anderson, page
II. SOFTWARE DYNAMICS COMPILER, by Jordon, page 16.
BIT BUCKET, page 20. FIX ZERO SECTORS (FLEX), by Hart,
page 22. OS9-BASIC09, by Harmon, page 26. TAPE AND
THE HOBBYIST, by Llbby, page 27.

OCTOBER 1980:

FLEX USER NOTES, by Anderson, page 10. A BATTERY
BACKUP CLOCK BOARD, a review, page 12. UCSD" PASCAL,
by Puckett, page 13. BUSINESS PROGRAMMING, by Cagle,
page 17. STYLOGRAPH W/P SYSTEM, by Pomerantz, page
19. POSITION INDEPENDENT CODE (6800), by Boyd, page

21. M0RSRX (MORSE CODE RECEIVING), by Mayhugh, page
24. HARDWARE HICCUP-MP-A2 , by Gass, page 30.
DMAF-l/DMAF-2 ON 6800, by Gass, page 31. SOFTWARE
MODS TO SWTBUG", by Hall, page 32. BIT BUCKET, page
34. INTERFACING THE BITPAD, by Taaffe, page 38.

NOVEMBER 1980:

PHILLY SHOW, staff, page 10. RUMORS, staff, page 14.
DIXIE, review, page 14. CONTEST NOTES, staff, page 16.
FLEX USER NOTES, by Anderson, page 17. HUMBUG -
MONITOR, review by Puckett, page 23. TRS80C" - MC6883,
staff, page 25. RMS dbms, review by Kherlaty, Dane 30.
STUDENT GRADE (BASIC), by Petersen, page 3T. BIT
BUCKET, by all of us, page 34. FULL SCREEN DISPLAY, by
Pass, page 35. TRANSFER 6600-6809, by Grostlck. paqe
37. V0LSET KSB), by Goadby, page 38.

DECEMBER 1980s

RUMORS, staff, page 8. COMPUTER SYS DEV PGMS, by

. '68' Micro Journal

Wommack, page 8. MICROWARE 0S9, by Kaplan, page 9. TSC
UNIFLEX, by Shirk. pagelO. FLEX USER NOTES, by
Anderson, page 13. WINNERS - Software Contest, page
15. SAVE THAT SWTPC MPA CPU, by Caudell, page 16.
TRS80 TO S50 BUS, by Mayhugh, page 18. BIT BUCKET,
page 22. F&D 5-8 DISK CONTROLLER, review, page 30.
CLASSIFIED, page 31. HELP, page 32.

Please note that In 1he monthly column 'BIT BUCKET 1
appears, for the year, hundreds of small and not so
small articles of special Interest to most 68XX users.
Most of these would comprise a full article In some
magazines, but because they came to us as letters,
etc., wllh listing we decided to place all the hints and
kinks, fixes, suggestions on Improving hardware and
software and other valuable subjects In this one
grouping. By appearing In BIT BUCKET In no way demeans
an article or It's value. In fact, most all readers feel
1ttat some of the most valuable Information published,
appeared In BIT BUCKET.

radio shack COLOR

The first piece of software (canned) we have
received for the TRS-80C* Is a ROM pak titled chess.
The title flashed to the screen Is that It Is
'Mlcrochess" version 2.0, by Peter Jennings. Also you
are Informed It Is Copyrighted 1980 by Personal
Software, Inc. On firing It up on one of our lab TRS80C"
I found that Indeed It did display a chess board, In vivid
color, with recognizable chess pieces. The graphics are
good and 1he usa of color makes It Interesting. So right
Into a game, I thought. However, at this point Interest
waned.

Nice graphics It's got, a good game, not so hot!
Moves may be made from the keyboard or Joysticks, ttiat
Is If you have 1hem. It has 8 levels of play. Supposedly
from 1 to 8 with the dlfflcullty factor going upward.
Level 8 plays nearly as poorly as level one. It Just
takes more time doing It. In level one 1he skill level Is
about on a par with playing chess with a chimp, a slightly
retarded one at that. The Instruction book Indicates
that at level 8 It looks ahead three moves. In chessese
that would signify 6 ply. A 6 ply chess game should should
be capable of a game on the order of 1,000 to 1,400,
rating (Intermediate level). It don'tl I really didn't
expect It to play championship chess, but I did expect
something better that what It has done so far. Some
plays are apparently chosen by a 'random' move flag.
Some time I felt that they all were. It seems to have a
continuing 'death wish'. After a few gomes(?) I don't
honestly know If I was more sorry for the poor game or
Just becoming more and more embarrassed by It's foolish
antics.

It starts off fairly well (first couple moves) and
from there on It gets worse and worse. No matter what
1he level. It seems to play some sort of 'point' game
wHh no regard for board position (either side) or total
points won by edher side (It wins few from a player wltti
any level of experience!. Under some circumstances,
haven't tried to figure what they all are, when It (or
you) gets Into what looks like trouble, It Just gives up,
erases the board and sets up for a new game. This
seems to be Hie smartest move It has. Also It has no
regard for a pawn on It's way to being promoted to a
queen. It will If at all possible spend all It's time
checking the king If possible, with no regard to other
apparent useful moves. Despite all this, averone In the
office plays It every chance they get. The fine graphics
and Joystick operations Just make It plain fun. Also I
must admit that I am biased when it comes to computer
chess. * I know and expect good play, having a good
version of Sargon 2.5 which does quite well considering
ft uses a 6502 (pardon me).

For a rank beginner It might be ok, for
starters, but after a short while It leaves something
to be desired. Needless to say I expect something
better from a company like Tandyl

In all fairness It should be noted that this
version (Mlcrochess) was one of the first chess games
to run on small computers. It's best point always was
that It ran In a small amount of RAM, On the KIM" It runs
In less 1han IK of RAM. There Is no excuse for this
version, as the TRS80C" has more RAM available. Maybe
It was a hurry-up project, these we have all seen
before, from a lot of vendors. Maybe soon someone will
offer a good game of chess for this machine. There
certainly are quite a few floating around. * As stated In
an earlier Issue of 68 Micro Journal I mentioned as to
how the 6809 Is Ideal as a chess playing CPU. It's
excellent stack capabilities make It a natural. Strange
some of the other chess game manufacturers have not
wised up. If you are still with me, listed below are the
commands per the book:

C - Choose or change colors.

L - Level choice.

J - Joystick control toggles on or off.

ENTER - Moves a piece.

X - Exchanges sides.

P - Force It to make next move.

T - Take back a move.

BREAK - Take back a move - also stops demo game.

A - To adjust a piece position.
E - Adds or changes a piece.
SHIFT C - Clears the board.
SHIFT R - Resign or restart.
SHIFT - Run a demo game (It plays Itself).
UP ARROW, DOWN ARROW, LEFT ARROW, RIGHT ARROW
Moves the position pointer.

Nowhere does the Instruction book claim It
plays a good game. It Is hoped that the next offering
along 1hls line will!

Now for some good points. The TRS80C" can be
easily upgraded to 16K by the changing of two Jumpers
from 1tie 4K to 16K positions, on the circuit board, and
1he swapping of the 4K RAM chips for 41 16 dynamic RAM
chips. Thats all there Is to Itl As stated earlier It Is
fun for the not" too serious chess fiend.

The tape save and load speed of 1500 baud Is an
Improvement. However, we found that the recorders we
had used with other machines, would not work very well
with the TRS80C*. So after purchasing another tapa
recorder, the one recommended by Tandy, we
experienced little problem wHh the tape operation.

In the 'RUMORS' column I will try to keep you
Informed of what Is becoming available for this machine.
I receive a lot of mall, from all over the world, asking If
we are going to support the TRS80C". The answer Is that
we will support It to the extend that Is has a 6809 CPU.
After all that Is what we (68 Micro Journal) are all
about. Even had a call from a reader and article
contributor Informing me that he was nearly complete
on a project that expands his 80C to a full 3 2K RAM,
support bus (talk to 1he outside world), disk Interface
and patch of f the more popular 'Standard S50 bus

disk operating system.

* You might note In my references to the S50
bus I have begin to preface It with 'Standard'. I get
calls dally from potential users wanting Information
concerning the 68XX series, running on a 'standard' bus
or backplane. It's about time that we all realize, and
refer to it accordingly, 1hat the 50 pin bus most of us
hang our boards on Is the 'Standard'.

'68' Micro Journal

-17

THE MC6809-
Processor for the 80s

TIM AHEHN & JACK BROMTf

Applications Engineers

Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc.

3501 Ed Bluesteln Blvd.

Austin, Texas 78721

The M6809 microprocessor unit (MPU)
Is the third generation addition to the
M6800 family of microprocessors. The
MC6809, Introduced In late 1978. was
designed by a highly trained team of
over 100 people. It has the major
architectural features required to make
the M6809 the Ideal choice for high
level language (HLL) execution or
standard controller applications.

The MC6800, originally Introduced In
1974, was designed primarily to replace
discrete logic, consequently Its data
manipulation capabilities were somewhat
Halted.

The MC68ATX MPU was the second
generation member of the M6800 family.
In addition to serving as a stand alone
MPU, the MC68ATX Is the CPU used In the
MC6801 family of processors. It
enlarged the M6800 Instruction set with
the 17 new or modified Instructions
listed below, while retaining object
code compatablllty. Another key feature
allows concatenation of the A and B
accumulators to form a 16-blt wide
double accumulator.

ABX Add B to X

ADDD Add Double

ASLD Shift Left Double

BHS Branch If Higher or Same

BLO Branch If Lower

BRN Branch Never

LDD Load Double

LSL Logical Shift Left

LSLA Logical Shift Left A

LSLB Logical Shift Left B

LSLD Logical Shift Left Double

LSRD Logical Shift Right Double

MUL Multiply

PSHX Push X

PULX Pull X

STD Store Double

SUBD Subtract Double

The MC68ATX also has an additional
IRQ interrupt Input, IRQ2. Timings for
key instructions were also reduced to
optimize execution time. In fact, the
MC68ATX executing a piece of typical
MC6800 code actually reduces execution
time by an average of 20X1

The M6809 design team benefited from
the experience of the previous 8-blt MPU
designs. Since the MC68000 was being
designed concurrently with the MC6809,
separate design teams were employed for
each device. Because of this, the M6809
designers were allowed to focus on
problems unique to 8-bit MPUs rather
than compromise the 8-blt design to
accomodate 16-bit. requirements. This
ability to concentrate solely on 8-bit
requirements led to the major hardware
and software innovations which qualify
the M6809 as the beat 8-blt MPU I

There are two versions of the M6809
available today: the MC6809. with an
on-board oscillator; and the MC6809E,

requiring an external clock generator.
Both versions are available in three bus
speed ranges - 1 Mhz, 1.5 Mhz, and 2
Khz.

Note: Throughout this article, the term
M6809 will be used as a generic
reference. The two versions will be
differentiated by part numbers: MC6809
refers to the on-chip oscillator
version, while the MC6809E refers to the
version which requires an external clock
generator.

Block diagrams for both versions, shown
in Figure 1 , reveal that the primary
differences are in the Bus Control and
Timing circuits.

Block Diagrams

HC6809

18

MC6809E

Figure 1

The MC6809E design started after first
silicon was available for the MC6809.

'68' Micro Journal

The chip layout remained exactly the
sane, but the Bus Control and Timing
Circuits of the MC6809 were removed and
replaced with the circuits necessary for
the MC6809E. The common M6809 CPU
kernel consists of the register set
shown in Figure 2, an ALU, Instruction
Register, Interrupt Logic, Address and
Data bus logic and buffers.

Register Set

■

D

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1

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Figure 2

The register set of the M6809 is a
superset of Motorola's existing 8-bit
MPU's. Three registers were added to
the register set of the original MC6800

a Direct Page Register, a User Stack
Pointer, and a second Index register.
There are two 8-bit accumulator
registers - the A & B registers which
are used for data manipulation and serve
as holding registers for arithmetic
calculations. The M6809 has many 16-bit
type arithmetic operands including
shifts, loads, stores, and an 8x8
multiply. The 16-bit shift, load and
store operations use both accumulators -
with the A register treated as the most
significant byte. When the A and B
register are concatenated, they are
refered to as the D register.

The Direct Page Register (DP) is one
of the new registers. The contents of
this register form the high order byte
of the address bus during instructions
utilizing the Direct Addressing mode.
This register may be changed to allow
direct addressing anywhere In the 64k
memory map as opposed to the MC6800
which only allowed direct addressing in
the first 256 bytes of the memory map.
Direct addressing uses the immediate
byte of the instruction as a one-byte
pointer into a single 256-byte "page" of
memory. This shortens instruction
execution time as the Most Significant
Byte (MSB) is furnished by the Direct
Page Register. MC6800 compatability is
ensured, as a Reset clears the Direct
Page Register.

The M6809 has four 16-bit pointer
registers available to the user. The U
and S registers support stack oriented
instructions such as PSH and PUL. The S
register is used as the hardware stack
pointer to support interrupts and
subroutine calls. The U register gives

'68' Micro Journal

the designer the capability of
maintaining an independent stack. The
other two registers, X and Y, are
registers intended primarily for use as
Index Registers, although special
indexing modes allow them to be used to
maintain additional stack areas. All
four pointer registers may be used as
Index registers allowing Index
Addressing, Indirect Addressing or
Indexed Indirect Addressing. These
pointer register capabilities allow the
M6809 to function efficently as a stack
processor, allowing the MPU to support
high level languages and modular
programming techniques .

The MPU's program counter, while
primarily utilized by the processor to
address the next instruction to be
executed, may be used like an index
register, thus allowing addressing
relative to the Program Counter.

The Condition Code Register defines
the state of the MPU such that
conditional branch instructions may be
used. The condition code register also
allows masking of certain interrupts.

This set of registers is manipulated
with a set of 59 instructions. 1464
different opcodes are available to the
programmer if all modes of the
instructions are considered. However,
only the 59 mnemonics must be remembered
when using the Macro Assembler as it
picks the applicable opcodes.

Software costs are rising so fast
that in many systems, the hardware costs
are insignificant. The M6809 was
designed for ease of software
development. Very effcient Position
Independent Code (PIC) may be written
using the capabilities of the M6809.
The program counter may be used as a
pointer to provide offsets within the
program. For example: When a piece of
PIC is executed, the stack addresses,
peripherial addresses, and other
addresses may be specified as offsets
from the current PC address. Other key
factors in effective position
independent code writing are the use of
long and short relative branch
instruction and the Load Effective
Address instruction. The relative
branch instructions allow Program
Counter Relative branching. When an
8-bit offset is used, control may be
transferred anywhere
area. A 16-bit offset
of control anywhere
address space. The
examples of the
instruction.

within a 256 byte

allows transfer

in the entire 64k

following are

relative branch

DECA Decrement A Accumulator
BEQ CAT If A - then goto CAT

(CAT is within +/- 128

bytes)

INCA Increment A Accumulator
LBEQ BOWSER If A - then goto BOWSER
(BOWSER is within +/-
32,768 bytes)
The Load Effective Address (LEA)
instructions work by calculating the
effective address of an indexed
instruction and storing it in the
specified pointer register. This allows
19

the designer to utilize all the internal
addressing hardware associated with the
MPU. Below are some examples of the LEA
instructions. With these key
instructions, a software designer may
generate efficient Position Independent
Code.

Instruction

Operation

LEAX 10, X

X + 10 --> X

LEAY A,Y

Y + A --> Y

LEAX D.Y

Y + D --> X

LEAU -10, U

U - 10 --> u

LEAX TABLE,

PCR

See text

Note how the registers may be
incremented or decremented using the LEA
instructions. In addition, registers
may be used as offsets as shown above.
The Program Counter may be used as a
pointer register with 8 or 16-bit signed
offsets. As in Relative Addressing, the
offset is added to the current PC to
create the Effective Address. The last
example calculates the offset of TABLE
and adds it to the current value of the
PC. This value is then placed Into the
X register. Tables related to a
particular routine will maintain the
sane relationship after the routine is
moved, since addresses are calculated
when the code is executed.

As seen by the hardware designer, the
H6809 has sixteen address lines, eight
data lines, three interrupt inputs, bus
control and timing signals. The bus
control and timing signals are different
for each version of the M6809 MPUs .

Common Bus Control signals in the two
different M6809 versions are HALT, R/W,
BA, and BS. HALT is used to remove the
M6809 MPU from the bus to allow DMA or
multl-procesor operations. R/W tells
the system whether the MPU is doing a
read or a write operation. BA and BS
allow the system to monitor the MPU
operation states.

Six signals are unique to the MC6809
Bus Control and Timing circuits. All
timing is generated by a parallel
resonant crystal connected to the Extal
and XTAL pins. In addition to the
crystal, two additional capacitors (27
pf with A MHz crystal) are required to
prevent harmonic oscillations. The
crystal oscillator feeds a divider
network which produces two system
clocks, E and Q, which run at one fourth
the crystal frequency. E is the
standard M6800 bus timing signal also
referred to as 02. Q is a clock which
leads E by one quarter bus cycle. The
operation of E and Q is shown in Figure
3.

Bus Timing Signals

r

■\_

The rising edge of Q may be used by
the system as an address valid strobe,
and the falling edge may be used as a
data valid strobe on a write cycle. The
falling edge of E is used by the MPU to
latch data during read cycles. M6800
perlpherlals also use this falling edge
to latch data from the MPU during write
cycles. E and Q provide multiple clock
edges which can be useful in the
generation of RAS and CAS signals for
dynamic RAM.

If slow speed memories are to be
Incorporated in the system, the clocks
may be stretched up to 10 microseconds
by pulling MRDY low. This signal will
stretch E high and Q low until released.

DMA/BREQ is an active low input which
allows another bus master i.e. DMA
controller, RAM refresh controller, or
co-processor to acquire the buses.

The MC6809E has six multiprocessor
control and timing signals. Bus timing
for the MC6809E is also controlled by E
and Q except that they are inputs from
an external clock generator. Q is a TTL
compatible input whereas E is a MOS
level type input. The MOS level input
circuitry minimizes the skew between the

external clock generator and the
internal MPU circuits. Notice that E
may be driven with a pullup resistor.
Figure <t shows a sample clock generator.

Sample Clock Cenerator

•Sh — s — I w

rl — F~*i — — F*l — r~ *""

p* SH — ■ O

20

Figure 3

Figure A

Three State Control (TSC) allows the
designer to control the Addresses, Data
bus, and R/W line on a cycle-by-cycle
basis, whereas HALT can only stop after
execution of an instruction.

AVMA is the Advanced Valid Memory
Access signal indicating that the MPU
will use the bus during the next cycle.
AVMA goes low during HALT or SYNC
states to guarantee the systems' data
integrity.

The BUSY output provides the
indivisible memory operation required
for a "test-and-set" operation.
Operations of this type are required for
efficient multiprocessor support on a
common bus .

LIC indicates that the first byte of
an opcode will be latched at the end of
the preaent bus cycle.

This choice of MPUs allows the
designer to choose the optimum MPU
version to meet his system requirements.
Several examples demonstrate these
features. For example - an onboard
oscillator with external crystal
provides all system clocks. For slower
ROMS, MRDY may be used to extend access
times. A schmidt trigger reset circuit
allows the use of minimal external
components. A resistor/capacitor

'68' Micro Journal

combination is all that is required for
a power-on Reset circuit. Add a Reset
switch, and the installation is
complete.

One of the nicest system aspects is
that of bus loading. Many times simple
systems have become less simple due to
minimal CPU loading characteristics.
The M6809 was made with the circuit
rfpR loner in mind. All signal lines
(clocks, address, data, and control
lines) are supplied with enough drive
for 4 LS TTL loads.

As stated before, the M6809 has
provisions for three separate levels of
interrupts. One of which is a
Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI). which
cannot be masked under software control.
The NMI is useful in power-down
situations, and real-time interrupt
servicing. The other two interrupts are
maskable under software control. One is
"faster" than the other in that a
response to a Fast Interrupt Request
(FIRQ) , stacks only the Condition Code
register and the Program Counter. As
can be seen, the M6809 is well suited
for interrupt operation. Some popular
microprocessors take even more time to
recognize an interrupt than it takes the
M6809 to recognize and stack its entire
register complement! Three levels of
software interrupts are also provided.

The M6809 provides the user with the
capability of vectoring by device. This
is accomplished by a control line which
signifies Interrupt Acknowledge (IACK).
When this line goes true, it signifies
that the next two bus cycles will be a
vector fetch, and that, if desired, the
user may supply his own vectors at this
time. During this vector fetching, the
user must turn off the highest page ROM,
lest the vectors be read from it. The
interrupt vectors and their addresses
are listed below.

RESET

FFFE

NMI

FFFC

SWI

FFFA

IRQ

FFFfl

FIR'J

FFF6

SWI2

FFFA

SWI3

FFF2

RESERVED

FFFO

Interrupt Vectors

The control line from which IACK is
derived is actually one of a full set of
4 MPU states. They are as follows:

BA

BS

MPU STATE

NORMAL (RUNNING)

1

SYNC ACKNOWLEDGE

1

INTERRUPT ACKNOWLEDGE

1

1

HALT OR BUS GRANT

As can be seen, the two control lines
Bus Available (BA), and Bus Status
(BS) may be decoded to provide the user
with the internal state of the M6809.
The other two states which have not been
mentioned will be discussed now.

Sync Acknowledge: This signal is in
response to the SYNC software command
which allows hardware synchronization to
a software program. As the program

'68' Micro Journal

executes the SYNC instruction, all
program execution stops and waits for a
hardware interrupt. If an interrupt
occurs, and its associated mask bit is
set, then the program will continue
execution. If the mask is clear, the
program will fetch the interrupt vector
and service the interrupt before
continuing on in the program. Of
course, the NMI can not be masked, and
will be serviced before falling through
the SYNC command. This instruction is
similiar to the old Wait for Interrupt
(WAI) instruction on the MC6800, but
with obvious improvements.

Halt/Bus Grant: This condition
exists when the processor has entered a
halt condition via a pulling low of the
HALT or DMA/BREQ line. As shown, these
hardware properties are well suited for
an advanced software machine such as the
M6809.

The M6809 as a Controller

The MC6809 easily adapts to a
controller- type environment by using the
multitude of M6800 series of
peripherials which are totally
compatible. Because the M6809 converses
with peripherials in an efficient
memory-mapped configuration, no special
I/O instructions are required, thus
keeping the instruction set more regular
and consistant. Figure 5 an example of
how an MC6809 may be placed in a typical
controller application.

I_ l_L

T"

Figure 5

This application is shown using a
total of 3 parts - the MC6809, a MC68A6,
and a HCM6810 or some other type of RAM.

The MC6846 contains two kilobytes of
mask-programmed ROM, an 8-bit parallel
I/O port, and a 16-bit timer. Since
many controller applications require
aeveral variations with different
programs, the cost of mask- programmed
ROMS may be too high to be Justified.
Figure 6 shows a system in which the
MC6809 uses standard EPROMS for program
storage. Although more parts are
required, a greater degree of system
flexibility may be attained through this
design than by using a single-chip
microcomputer such as the M6801 or M6805
family of MPUs .

The basic controller can be
embellished by the addition of any of
the many available M6800 peripherials.
The question is, where does a controller
end, and a smart system begin? Of
course, all controllers are systems,
but, Just for the sake of arguement, we
21

will call a system one which has
extended interaction with humans, such
as would be required in a personal
computer or small business system.

The Expanded System

Several companies have chosen to
implement the M6809 in products whose
end functions range from low cost "color
computers", to extended personal
computers, and on to even higher
sophisticated business systems. The low
coat systems are basically one step up
from a controller design, with a minimal
number of "bells and whistles", while
both the personal computer and small
business machines have the capbility of

freater expansion e.g. more memory - >
00k bytes with memory management unit
(MMU) extensions, and provisions for
higher level languages such as Pascal
and BASIC09. BASIC09 is a sophisticated

rrograrorr.ing language system that is a
cap in state-of-the-art microcomputer
system software. Its many advanced
features are aimed toward efficient,
structured software development and
testing. BASIC09 is the result of an
intensive, two-year development project,
and is quite possibly the most
sophisticated general-purpose

microcomputer program ever written.

BASIC09 may use multiple, independent
named procedures in memory
simultaneously which are re-entrant,
position independent and ROMable.
Procedures have local variables, are
called by name and pass parameters to
others. It includes enhanced I/O
capabilities, and has compiler
performance ; an integrated three-pass
compiler and interpreter design. In
addition to its powerful built-in data
structures, BASIC09 allows
user-definable "record-like" structures
a powerful Pascal- like feature.
Included are the full complement of math
and transcendental functions, and a
complete editor-debugger.

In addition to software developed
with Motorola, one software company has
implemented an operating system for the
M6809 which has almost as much power as
the UNIX operating system developed by
Bell Labs. Its syntax and operation
parallel that of UNIX. These personal
computers can be enhanced to provide the
user with hardware and software
development systems whose price had
previously been too high for other than
large companies. These systems are now
reasonably priced. and any serious
Id easily

hobbyist coulc

Ly justify one.

Larger.

and Beyond

oeen expanded to 2 megabytes with
built-in provisions for multi-user and
multi-tasking environments. The
principal function of the MC6829 Memory
Management unit is to expand the address
apace of the M6809 from 64k bytes to a
maximum of 2 Megabytes. Each MMU is
capable of handling four different
concurrent tasks, including DMA. The
MMU can also protect the address space
of one task from modification by another
task. Memory address expansion is
accomplished by applying the upper five
address lines of the processor A11-A15
along with the contents of a five-bit

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With the advent of the MC6809E
(external clock version), larger
nultl-processor systems have become
easier to design as shown in Figure 6.
Because all clocks are externally
generated, synchronization to
perlpherlals such as CRT controllers and
other MPUs have become a snap to
implement.

With the new MC6829 Memory Management
Unit (MMU), the M6809's memory map has

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Fiaure 6
task register to an internal high-speed
mapping RAM. The MMU output consists of
ten physical address lines (PA11
PA20), which, when combined with the
eleven lower address lines of the
processor (A0 - A10) forms a physical
address space of 2 Mbytes. Each task is
assignee memory in Increments of 2k
bytes up to a total of 64k bytes. In
this manner, the address spaces of
different tasks can be kept separate
from one another. See Figure 7.

The resulting simplification of the
address apace programming model will
Increase the software reliability of a
complex microprocessor system.

Another significant addition to the
M6809's complement of support chips is
the MC6839 Floating Point Rom. This ROM
is totally position independent - it can
be placed anywhere in the memory map.

The MC6839 PR Implements the
Floating Point Standards currently
proposed by the IEEE. No absolute RAM
is required ss all operands are carried
in registers or on the stack. This
allows re-entrant code and provides the
support required by high level languages
such as Pascal. Single, double, and
double extended formats are provided
allowing numbers ranging to 64 digits
with T6 digit exponents . The FPR
supports the operations listed in the
following table.

'68' Micro Journal

Add

Subtract

Multiply

Divide

Remainder

Square Root

Integer Part

Negate

Compare

Convert Integer to Floating Point

Convert Binary to Decimal

The MC6839 Floating Point Rom

represents Motorola's first entry into

the Standard Product Rom (SPR)
marketplace.

SPRs will contain modular position
independent code, thus freeing designers
from the need to generate individual
sets of common software routines. This
market has come of age because of the
ease of writing software which is

totally transportable. This
transportability is due to Position
Indepedent Code which can be effectively
and easily written for the M6809 and
M68000 families of processors.

The MC6842 Serial Direct Memory
Access Processor (SOMA) is but another

entry into the M6800-M6809 bus
compatible peripherial market. The
MC6842 provides a high speed serial link
between microprocessors or intelligent
controllers in distributed processing
systems. Using IBM's Synchronous Data
Link Control (SDLC) protocol, the MC6842
is capable of handling multidrop,
point-to-point, or loop configurations.
Many HDLC protocol features are also
supported.

The SDMA processor accepts commands
from the local microprocessor to either
transfer data or issue link-level
commands. The SDMA issues and responds
to most link- level commands, ensures
data integrity and validation, and
handles some error recovery.

Considering all available
microprocessors, the M6809 family
represents a consistant choice of 8-bit
micros in all segments of the
representative markets i.e. controller
environments, small business systems,
and the ever-present home computer
market.

tOOICAl TO PHVSCAt ADDRESS MAPfttG OUACLES

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Figure 7

DYNAMITE

I've recently had the pleasure of using
Dynamite, a disassembler from Computer Systems
Center, 13461 Olive Blvd., Chesterfield MO 63017.
Dynamite was written by Philip Lucldo. Philip Is obviously
familiar with FLEX. He has made using his

ve ry

' — •i •— -- - — — ■— a

disassembler as nearly as possible like using the
assembler. One specifies options by appending '*•
followed by a series of single letter option specifiers.
I for one, appreciate being able to specify everything

'68' Micro Journal

For a run In the command line. I don't like to play
question and answer, particularly If the program Is going
to run a while and then ask me for more Input. That way,
1 can't go get a bottle of Vernor's (ginger ale) while
the program Is running. Dynamite allows the user to set
things up so It can run unattended.

23

WE HAVE A 6809 FOR YOU

POWER SUPPLY

Modular plug-in construction with computer grade
filters and a 25 AMP rectifier bridge. Blower
fan is standard equipment. All con-
nections to the power line
are beneath the
safety shield.

1^.

INTERFACE

Convenient serial or parallel I/O cards have DB 25
connectors mounted directly on the circuit
^ board. Up to 16 interface devices may

^^t be installed on the address decoded

J^ I/O bus. Programming strips are

provided for inputand out-
put baud rate selection
on each port. All
outputs are
fully buf-
fered.

CABINET

Rugged 1/8 inch alloy aluminum
base plate combined with a solid 1/8
inch alloy aluminum cover for unsurpassed
protection. All interior metal is conversion
coated. The cover is finished with a super tough tex-
tured epoxy.

PROCESSOR

The world's most powerful

eight-bit processor, the Motorola

MC6809, plus 2K byte monitor ROM

that is 2716 EPROM compatible and full

buffering on all output lines. Built-in multiuser capability, just add 1/0 cards to operate a multi-terminal system.

MEMORY— You can purchase the computer with either 8K bytes of RAM memory (expandable to 56K), or with the full
56K. The efficient, cool running dynamic memory used in this system is designed and manufactured for us by "Motorola
Memory Systems Inc."

PERIPHERALS— The wide range of peripheral hardware that is supported by the 6809 includes: dot matrix printers (both
80 and 132 column), IBM Electronic 50 typewriter, daisy wheel printers, 5-inch floppy disk system, 8-inch floppy disk
systems and a 16 megabyte hard disk.

SOFTWARE— The amount of software support available for the 6809 is incredible when you consider that it was first
introduced in June, 1979. In addition to the FLEX9 operating system, we have a Text Editor, Mnemonic Assembler, Debug,
Sort-Merge, BASIC, Extended BASIC, Multiuser BASIC, FORTRAN, PASCAL and PILOT,

69/K Computer Kit with 8K bytes of memory $ 495.00

69/A Assembled Computer with 8K bytes of memory $ 595.00

69/56 Assembled Computer with 56K bytes of memory $1,595.00

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

219 W. RHAPSODY

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 (512) 344-0241

6809 DISK SYSTEMS

All disk systems are supplied with our version of FLEX 9, the world
standard disk' operating system for the 6809. Our systems normally
operate in double density format, but they are compatible with single
density, or single sided recording formats. FLEX is supplied with over
forty utilities, many of which are only available with our systems.

Our disk systems offer you mass storage at low cost. The cost per thou-
sand bytes of storage for our various systems is shown in the chart.
Other 6809 disk systems have costs up to three times greater for the
same general type drive.

D-5 Two double sided, double density, 5" disk drives with a total on
line capacity of 720,000 bytesof data. Includes cabinet, power supply,
connecting cable and controller. Controller will operate up to four
drives. This is an ideal disk system for small stand alone word proces-
sing systems, or for businesses that do not work with large inventories.

14 x6x 10 -20 lbs $1,295.00

DT-5 Double track density version of the D-5. The DT-5 uses two 96
track per inch drives to provide an on line capacity of 1 ,400,000 bytes.
Includes cabinet, power supply, connecting cable and controller. Con-
troller will operate up to four drives. This is a disk system with enough
capacity to include small inventories of up to 1,000 items, plus the
usual business package of general ledger payroll, etc.

14x6x 10-20 lbs- $1,695.00

DMF-2 Double sided, double density, dual eight-inch disk system with
an on line capacity of 2,400,000 bytes. Our "top of the line" disk
system features a DMA type controller for fastest possible data trans-
fers. This drive was designed for larger businesses and multi user in-
stallations. The DMF-2 will provide the fast operation necessary for
systems running multiterminals under the UniFLEX operating system.
Complete with a heavy duty 1/8-inch metal cabinet, power supply,
connecting cable and controller. The controller will operate up to four
drives.

17% x 5 x 21% - 53 lbs $2,495.00

COS-1 This "Winchester" type hard disk provides both large storage
capacity and high speed operation. The CDS 1 is the answer for systems
that must handle large inventories or systems with more than four ter-
minals. The controller has its own processor and uses DMA data trans-
fer.

CDS-1 - 1 15 lb» $4,395.00

TYPE

CAPACITY

COST

D-5

720,000 bytes

$1£0per/K

DT-5

1.400.000 bytes

$1.16per/K

DMF-2

2,400,000 bytes

$1.04 per/ K

CDS-1

16,000,000 bytes

$ .27per/K

D-5 or DT-6

OMF2

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

219 W. RHAPSODY

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 (512) 3440241

I've had four disassemblers at this point. The
first was published In one of "ttte very early Issues of
Kilobaud. It was a start, but not much more. The same
could be said of the TSC disassembler. Ed Smith's
Software Works disassembler was a major Improvement
over the earlier ones. Ed called If a Source Code
Generator. The Improvement came In a couple of forms.
First of all, the Source Code Generator generates
labels. They are formed as the letter L followed by a
number. The numbers start at 0001 and Increment by 1,
being assigned as labels are needed In the program. Ed
made provision for you to disassemble a program from
memory to your terminal or printer, or to a disk file.
When you disassemble to a terminal, you will find areas
of most programs In which the disassembler gets
confused and disassembles certain operation codes, (or
rather what It thinks shot) k) be op-codes) as »»»■"',
These are such areas as strings, Jump tables, etc. When
you look at -the disassembled code to the screen you
decide what type of 'data 1 area you are looking at, and
Jot down on a scratch pad the address limits of these
areas. When the disassembler Is run again, you are
prompted for the limits and types of these areas, and
you may enter them and run the disassembler again,
checking to see If the listing now makes more sense.
This process is repeated until you are satisfied with the
output, and you may then specify saving the output to a
disk file that may later be used to assemble the
program again.

Dynamite goes a couple of steps beyond this. It
also needs your help In determining what areas contain
data. Jump addresses, etc. Dynamite allows you to enter
these areas limit addresses each time, or to create a
text file that contains the Information. It will 1hen read
the text file and use the Information. Dynamite, unlike
the earlier disassemblers never will give you »••*" for
an op-code. If all else falls. It will resort to FCB S29
etc. For this reason, even If the disassembler output
doesn't make sense, It will always assemble to produce
■the original program.

Dynamite runs under FLEX9 with the 6809
processor, but will disassemble either 6809 or 6800
code. It Is eminently useful for disassembling 6600
utilities so you can change the FLEX equates and
reassemble for your 6809 system. The external
equates. Is. address references to areas outside of
the limits of the program, always appear at the
beginning of the disassembled source, and the equates
thus generated may be changed very easily. There Is
one additional feature of Dynamite. It comes with a set
of data files containing the Equates for normal entry
points to various operating systems and monitors. To be
more specific, there Is a file of equates for FLEX2,
FLEX9, MIN1FLEX, SWTBUG, and SBUG-E. You may use. In
addition to your command file of data area addresses,
one of these files, and a label file of your own. Thus as
you proceed with the disassembly of a program, you can,
as understanding comes, define meaningful labels and
create a file of them. You can modify your command file
to Include new areas of data or strings as they are
discovered, and eventually arrive at a reasonably
disassembled file. It Is much easier to edit a small data
file repeatedly, than to edit a large disk file, and you
need never prepare a final output source file until you
are satisfied with the results to your screen.

Dynamite works from disk file to screen or
another disk file. It Is never necessary to have the
program In memory durnlng the process. One of the very
nice features. Is an option that allows the display of the
ASCII equivalents of each Instruction In the disassembly
listing to the CRT. This makes the text strings stick out
like sore thumbs, and It Is quite easy to determine
their limits to be entered In the Command file for the
next pass of the disassembler.

I was most Impressed by the fact that the
disassembly to the CRT Is Identical In format and

26 .

content to the output of the TSC assembler. In fact, a
run of the disassembler to the printer Is nearly
Indistinguishable from a run of the Assembler on the
source file generated on a disk. The software Is
entirely compatible with the P.CMD of FLEX for output
to a printer. It correctly manipulates SWITCH so that
prompts appear on the CRT and listing goes to the
p rlnter.

In summary. Dynamite Is not Just another
disassembler, but a better approach that Is a major
Improvement In the capabilities of such software. I must
give It an excellent rating, and recommend It as the
best one I have seen to date.

Dynamite may be ordered from: Computer Systems
Center, 13461 Oliver Blvd., Chesterfield, M0 63017,
telephone (314) 576-5020.

See advertisement this Issue.

Ron Anderson — —

zingg for SWTPC
cassette

!.» il.JL Hall, Ultraaoblc Trvhm>l*tr, Qua** Hatha!" a Hcapttal . Claatm,

ibif

rMull

CoaaMrelallt auppllad aoflwar* for raaaatt* baa**: ■)■!**■« la mual iy
tvpptlpd la tba Hbbbbb city tonal racarda4 at V*t burnt ualtu a HIM m
aarhlat car-Flar *M?h varlaa aerordlbf to rtiathtr binary -|"b or **"Ȥ.
wrm baltiK raCorSed. a binary "l* la r*pr«**ai »d aa d cpclaa of rraqwaocy
3400 Hi, valla ■ blaary "O" la r*pr»ni«i aa 4 cjcl»a *f l*0i> Ra. Whan
data la ratrlarad from to* tap* durlnr p)a r park, i|t« aarfclnt rarrlar la
dotarcad a*d precaoaad. produclBi a cloca tor data a>i«t|im TM» tall
clacitaa km of oparalloa la lolaraet to lh« (rttufnC? rarlBliUBa arlalac
froa lap* apaadl ftaetuit teaa aa tha tap* paaaca lha MajfeaCa *»adl thm
fl— tllll i» tauaad hp varlatioaa In dHv* winr apapd. allaalb* .Match
rt-icEian pi*, and it* found , to a rraalar or ]*«••»> t itm , la all iiiih«

Tk* AC9D raapatta tPiartaea ahtcfc fa tfca oaly oni ©(farad be "outi
aaataru Tachalcal Product* cu eantiol I** caaaitta rfcordtn Indapaiadaai 1 y
asd la daatz*a4 to tfia Kaapas ciiy ataadard antes la painfull IT ale* *aaa
It aoaaa la loading lart* Pr-Qtfraa>e aac» ■■ u *l Haete or a larda Editor
Aaaaaalar A rttln of at if>gn I va» far ruicr eaaaatta oparatloa bt M
Clara (1> indlcataa Uial I hire ira > aiaahpr 4' hnrdaara and tofiura eotuiiooa.
Hsnnt h»*lrj< purchased lha AC50 raaaatta Ivii-rtaed om la raluctant to
ati.-iri: || fnr aa lHimltW| aoaalbly noo • (arutaro' approach. Tharafnr*.
■Blh04* nr mrr.HiiK i h* aaaad of oporatlop In a ainplp p t r ■ 1 irht f o r»ard
•aaaor **rm CoapldtratL it mi Ibeuptii tin for pnuraa <lav*lapa>aa t aad (ha
loadln of abort iroliui, a ooubliad of tba tiaud rata to POO aotiild ba a
uaafui Ltanfaani, fapKlillr If oati bI*ib*I M*4apr* nod 1 1 irat In* la naadad,

Tf- *SIH rv,r»n uitd tu ra, ,irfl ir.O pla*ba*a dm affair! IVbIt i^ubtri
tba Ma- takaa far rnvrilni or playback ba, »*** a IHATHm "n- r ' ■. v:- 1 t .
aiacutad. tba * bit blbbir ward at vacfa *a»ad •«»r t bcitnm i» farutlad
ipto t*n JltCI] fbaraftora, aa aAe-ni Is riv, 1 (a fullar dtacrlpilba at iM
fg>T*ai |a ilvaa la rafarasco t) . »lallarlv, abau loadtna: from <■», lha
TUnarr *^ri *°t aaCb •aatpf* ipcaiion la r>raad tram tae *l*r(i rharortPra.
Tn» radunduc^ fa tba hardaarv itha BUBbar of ejrrlaa uatd to rafnl-d *aeh
byip aad tbo frpquppCT a' Mtofdiii) aad aoftaar* Eipo ASCII ebar«c-lprp a*r
Djrtol hhi that pra(rra»» amrh «.* ■ ilk Aajaablvf ar •IbIIbz' alPPd liiu tUi

ee Micro Journal

■obm IB iinutu ta load Bad iM ■ van b* *o*i [rtiiiniinr U a ayataa fruk
Kriiri duriat ua* Tha rtdiaidanrr \n ih» *pfi*ara loadlat tnraat tu >—
r**jcad by u*ia* * cAMfrcltliif nvnniti* binary l°»*»' *ad lb* itn!i<iu«A>
or tbla and aodtfifatloaB t* tb* ATM mrduif to o»*r*l* at ■ hn-n-r baud
Pill AH ci-*iil<l»r*r1 b*In*
<A) fettwri bodlflpatlna

Tb* load tlaa cad b* r*due*d uiidi a bleary loader ableb <titpa*«*#
till (hi praoloualy dBaerlb*4 *BCil foraat. A c««rdil *xaa>p]a I*
E4. Saltn. Mn«ry loaoar (VM.J.,91 abiah baa bolh a a*v* and ■ load
ro*tlo* r Whoa aavlm a, proarw* lb* loaAar Eaoarai** * ahort *»*Tnir.»
fomtltd proara* la AfiCl) at tha b**laataP of (J»* tar* anal than arllaa lo
tap*, la blaary formal, tba aaiactad *oatl*uoui araa of naaorj, To load
aocb * tap* tj» atandard s»at»t,» ■f," rout in* it yjif-d, thla )»«■ la* ahnri
AfCll foraat tad loaoar prndra* *hlth tn 1u.rn aut oval Ic a 1 1 y loada lb* bmir}
for**! tad, n«f Wbwi ualna; • htnary loadarr th* " r*ad atatua" lojtli* **lteh
am lb* tf» auat bo a*t to (M "no aoaltlaa Mill bttrr tb* "«- bIkA let tared
by a "G appaara, It eaa than bm raturoad fo too ctnlri Million to altn*
tba tap* t» atop buIobbI Lfillr uodtr gmnu coalrnl .

Ma aupp||i*it, Ed Satlba bin. 1-7 load** la Loratvfl f mn *JC ii'i- 1 E r« ?
vb(eh La la la* ar*a of awjawry u**d Cor our aaaaofclar or utn Th* flrat
at** la fo r* local* It t* &# Jw*t MiH *** *»4 of m* crairai to b*
aand; aaally am wbIbr ta blth* *pma an poor* praaraai aa th* loadvr la
dlractly ralncalabl*. Th* ...r..*r«« to b* Barad la n,.>, lnad*4 ■;.. and th*
bisa/v loadar net rtrutln* la u**d to (haaa tb* frofru lo tan* - poaalbtp
al *W> baud If you dorld* lo |ppl**>*ni th> hardwar* fH»,i. kihuimiI
balo*.
(9) Battfaar* tMUlt*! Im

Tba Kaaan city (onat apart n*a thai a binary "(1** la rapr*a*atad
by 4 crclaa of I*0O Ma *Mla a blaary "1" la rafraaantad by It eyrlaa of
34nr Na, thla laltar iT—tumaty U •« 1 1 aaloa tn* un.aar 3 do haodaidtt
of a ■aaoaabl* «iilllr ca*a*(ta r*eor4*r. tor anaahala la* uppar 1 4b band* Id th
Of t*a inaj TT*n7 fa R(MM Hi, I fcida lha fra^lMaclatf uivif raa ranlli b* doublad
lo Ji'lO ana a«/HI Ha rrinr-1 Nfh althnUl fha&rJnr tha rpu.r'llnr fafval . Til*
la affaetad by altar inn tfa* baud rata to awib on hnih Eh* port 1 .iniirfir*
card and lb* karboard raaaola. fax- £ eavar.ladca. li la nWaoitad lb*
■odlfleatloa abovn la »Ir. * la t *p )***«■ i ad *a iha 'iitinc or * dual'la^Ha*
a*Uth to Th* latarlac* cird< Bccvaalbl* via on* n* i*a 1 arr* Mlii |* ih*
aala fra**, alio** tb* baud rata to b* aaaity alt*r*d.

la addiiiaB. * baud rata aailelv aual ha 'litad to th* ATM caeiaita
latarfaca, and aki||a Ih* Bollla* of Ihta aattch la taailarlil dorlna
rKaroloK i( ir*at h* **t to tba approf t i at a baud rata dun a* playbacb.-

Tb* ACM oadju lator/doaodMlotor elrcwlt dtaara* (to t>» fou&d naar tba
un4 mt th* a£3A baadlboohl and a ■oataal i at l*r»* . tr.-ui> ia« r r i : .t i*.n (pad* *"
or tba baadbeok) ladleaia tbal lb* (Ircultrr In *o*t)y lotln b*a*d. tba
racordma clrcmiLry t UBtnd. I** "4*1* ib~ **d "■ ;■••» la" *i*ula to aroduca
a* audio toaa, coail*ta *atlra)r of toKlc ahoaa output la 0aaa*d Ihroudh a
lupiOR aH">ri to praduc* ilo* aa***i la* oniput of Itula dtlnrl )a laaa,
but eslr aaraloallr *o Iba* tbat obtata*d at 3PKi tau4. To ola*bach tapaa
raoo'dad al *f>0 bawd tha playback liilu clrruiirr aniat b* altarad, but ealy
*lola*lty.

Tb* ttalatt circuit {•** ria. 3) **** up of # IS. aid, Cfl and traaalator
r>l diffaraatiataa b*l***« la* ihd hi en rrtquaaury Iob*b tffnrdut to ahatbar
lb* cbarftloK tolttft aeroaa r» aaeaoda ih* thraabold laval of |C» bafor*
balai dlacbarrad br tb* aaltchtaa na at "J - a loa rr*o u **i>y toaa alloaa C«
•dltaita to *a«**d tb* iUr*aa*id *an* a bicb frequancy tesa do»a not.

Tbla tioa coa*l«4l fo/atad by "16, bl3 «ad Ca aual »* halvad to alio*
for tba lilcbar fr*«.u*a«l*a uaad la tKKl liaud operation, thla la ai*Ply don*
by LoaarltBf a aaltcb <fft la »1I, ») ahich pdta addltloaal raBlalora
l"a atut *(s> la parallal altb fl« *ad **.*>• Tha hi vartabla raatator can h*

W Micro Journal

adl«*t*d aitbar by ualatt ■>** or lha taat proiraaa r!«« in, tba A/TV) Baaual
or b? avtiurloi lb* oatatlaC raalataara nf *lb • *Ia *od i b« » aalteblar la
and adjuaiinp Ih* n*« variabl* raalataara lo at** halt tha pra*a*a**l|
aaaaurad valu*.
roarfHiBiQiia

Tb* rhnrm dfaru*a«d -f«iv* Jtav* pfok-ori f*limbi* aed alaml f f fant ty
taprovad tb* umny of a caaaalla tiaaad araia*. It Kaa b**o fewad tbat
opor«iio* at ann baud la aaril foraat la accaptabl* lor InadtdP abort protr***
aacli aa iHdr* d*v*lap*d ualnr? an adltor aaaaau>l*r oarkada *olth aubaaauanl ly
uaaa a iinkluc loadar la Join all tha eiropraa wedulaa tootlMr> tueb ■
Prndraa aoan finally cearplata caa thaa b* ti«atf aad Loadod la binary forsat al
IWtf) baud 1* a ilallar aauar to that adraeaiad for tb* Loadlac if a l*f-a*
Paale *r editor Aaaaojhlar rnHuir tfa larp* p**mrtm la load*d at *no baud
uaiHH tb* binary lorarat. . Ih* luad tl** ntl b* awtAk 1 aal « 1 t imt ifwarl*r nf
tbat tab** to load al w bakHl tn ih* *s'l i foi>a*t

laf arabcaa

{!) Star], P. A. <I«T»> TBouRbla OP tba gWTV roaani tar flya^aa
mlobaod dtrrocoapatlab V* pp dft-ai.

(a) PLlaa. d. aAd rail*. A. Ia«laa« riff Pot* 100. «CV MJOLT

Mltbut/BloUiHt km. NOtomLB Saailrosdueto-r Prodocta.

Mgxir* 1 Pjaaordlai foraat Ualpp t«o *V 1 1 cbaraclara for aaeb

• bit anrd

riBur* t m-.jb1 -in-lib* aTJltadj rm*d to tntarfar* car* alio** tb*

baud rat* t» b* chancad via a r*ar pan*] irrm ho]*

F IftW T* a NodlfJcatlaa to ACV> daawdulator rlrcaltry lor Dm baud

oparaltoa . *.a and ab ar« aadad la parallal altb axlatlBa
ria and 116 via •#» a*itcb 31.

DATA RECORD

J7

BIT Bucket

love City, lew 5J2»»

KB: 9>o*e Slout)

31336 via Cnlliua
■Bltllkn VU1WU. C* 01363

loMj+o MoTftrtrvj Cormrvcahor*, ric. fl

NewsReieosc

( aj ves b sr m, 19*»

58 Micro Journal
3018 rwsCi; Nd
JO Boa &*»
HllKZi. IM 373*3

.■■-. f " -,»

mi "^iftTf »■****»

Jilt Swarti

(ill] 577-t701

flMPB ■""«"«*»" 1.*. i

Vlb&JvSf, CA- Kovesber 17. 1980 ... Sacks Signal Broadcasting
, S68) haa announced that the now 'octo-d-wxs Ity" 5 1/4" flexible dlait
drive li new Available In its 6f309-8erlea of Cblaftaln anal 1 bualneee
cenputpre.

Tbs dcive'a dcw-Me-track, double-bit, and double-tided design
provldea a total ot one and one-half segabyt.ea of fotsstted etorage
capacity in Its standard dual-driv* configuration, according to nlc
Haaoond, SSB preaidant.

•uiiJi tb* ad-lition of thla n#v capability, wi can now support a
coaplate range of asall businitas syzttsns that will Mat virtually any
etorage t*sulrn»cr.t or aoftware application. It alao repreaenta a
versatile conplcMnt to the 6809 nlcrofroceaaor" . t* added,

SCe** Cola r tain Motlcl $524 alio incorporates Sir WW, two aerial
porta, nonltor in ROIl And SBB'a D0S6 9. The conputer'a €809
•nlcroprocf ssoi a Hows user a to tufi proqrana In fcA£.C at over two and
one-hall Uses the apesd ot 680Q-baa«d ayatasu.

Recording dLTdlty of the drive* la i.8>7 BP1 with 60 tracks per
side. Tfflck-to-ttacl. tide Ifl 1 Billiseconds and Tpi la 96.

Single quantity retell price of the Chieftain Bedel 9S24 la
S4,0?i with Of H and dealer dlacoynta available. Delivery la fees
atock.

For further i n! cravat lor , contact Jin Al lday of SSB at (211)
itt-9340.

KEN YON 1

MICROSYSTEMS

mc. on «IUm
'«■ Htom Journal
Nil Hasill kmH

juet ■ note eo let you know wTutt'a going, on hare at J-* 1 .

ftxet, wa went Hi thai* lU the BUM who have purohe-wj WWW. we « prlllly
want to Cher* thoee t-iwtCTiMFi™ who have taken the tbee to wl« or coil with
nifty little peicrae), application |iw» » and the "he. *»>'re trying to put
theee all tiaj wtjwa end hope to nail thaw, out as • Oa-let*a* Thar* You- to
thoee itc have parted with theU evcx ehru*l«? dollar, to ourcheae the tflFIU

I'd UM to ncoBfU an exceptionally helpful and ooneclontioua onalar— Jerry
(copal (MA OOcaep Co*wt«r Center or wheelwe,, lliirnla). ThuuSi hay nt naa
r*lp«3 m Jiany tl«ea with rteld «ali service and phone advice for ay S-5CC eyatse
SO prav^tly that the distance between Iowa City and Chicago has land nosUKlMe.

He haa haloed aje lOwade ay aysua »f lettlne a> t/*o> up aa •* needa have OTMI.
Unlike other dMiara (aapetlal^p aawclateo with Ohio Sclent iric 1 had tserora) M
dota not aand thlnjo* CTJO without celLljij me flrat. In other wonu. he naa given
■a my aoney 1 * worth and has not sprung additional chergnn, bb aoae other dealer* have.
Ha la very coat and valuaMweloua but haa tulrey* reviewed quality liadtatlgra with
pa carefully fterore a piuvyvase haa been concluded.

llJioerely youni, — ""

Cmrad Swartt, fhD, M)

O'CONNOR ASSOCIATES

aarznd, •*> an now Rnira^lvng: t-^KW \rwslt_n 1.1. DWj 0190001 dlfsT-Bxeat aiv thsw
nmt W-a¥---»i a*tft weeds and the cajafall.ty to aritt iinUJ-a dlak drive* (l... *t*
and 6', dlff-vnant nst-or of traefca per diaX, dlffezcnt ajflt-u of ■
txadd . Ploa»» **m the 1

ThlBl, puRwhsttera of t KlOW* will now be rwonlving tko dlaka in tholx L
One dl** coUaftlna the tTORTH*. «oftV«u« m) the other ia a "T*tf aided
UVtruCtliri anarac: caili-d "OilAa pTJOV . TW* cnarak) will taacti thoae new bo
Che Lan^ie-TP the furtaii uTali erf ^^laBiii-rs, In TOfCM. Bvon vith tr ma e extra
o»-*U*-a , th* or lo» fair*, the mm.

laaTe.teaTIM ia now avallaMe Ux the HtTttnOaU trnrrii+r.

Ihmi K. KenycB
Preatd-nt

CusrouircD hahowahc ■ sof fw*re ron micrio cowputcrb
aa>-iw haven »t ■ cmicauo iu tot*i « in 1.. uti

Don Hlllliat, Editor
'40' Micro Journal
3011 Haoill Rd.
nitcaon, Tennaeaae, 37343

Dear Hr. Hllllaavj,

Aa a free lance progrtonr X have done a little bit of
pro? r .waning on a lot of different Mchinn, Dt,til tvoantly. I
thooght the the XW waa the beet ailcro around invlndlog the
£800. Then 1 did an eeaeatbly lan^ •<*]« pioHraa on the new

TRSolO Color Ceaiputer. Thla m* china uaea the 6809 and It baa
■ads a believer out of we. "CM that 1 tm back worfrlng with
the 180 again it la Ilk* aoving back to the Dark Mae, The ISO
)u»t cannot eotepare to the 6809. When I first atarted uelag
the 6809 I thoi-sht I " d never tmdaratand all the different
addraaalng andea. Now I don't know how to do without the*.

I eepeclelly liked being able to use a reeleter aa the
offaet when Indexing lnataad of e constant. The only way 1
know to change the Index offaet with other ptecMnee la to gee
self aodlylAg code. 1 aleo found the relative addreeelng

pwda* puide la extrestely aaay to write relocatable code. The

auto incriMnt and decree-vnt fioasiand* ara ltea_t X bave only
aean in 16 bit a-ach-nat befor ,

Tho THS-80 color Coas>u-e>r say not b* enyvay near the
league of Clt-lx or Motorola ssjorelaer, but wffven it ocaaia to
picking out the beat chip available, aoraeona at: Tandy knows
what they are doing.

l*oh s. O'Connor

Dear Mi Williams,

Aa 1 a-sntionad in ey flrat letter, T have dor** a little
hit Of programing on a lot of different *aehln*a. For the
paat two yesra 1 have bean working aljwoat airolualvaly for the
Insge rroducsra. Inc., a aoftware houee frost Worthhrook
Illinois. I did a BA&lr fleer, program on the Bally arcade
which w«* prletailly used hy Sally ln-housa. The Arcada la
built around the l-8fl, and although it was not each sore than
a toy, It had aceaa potential *m a ooaaputar. About: a year ago
I* arte negotiated a contract with Sear* to Produce software for
the Atari. 1 did two of the Programs currently on eale under
the seara label, •Foman Chackera" and "Oil Walla". Xatega
Producer! eleo aalle some aoftware under their own label and X
have written gen* progress for the Atari and the Tesee
Xnstr.eaente TX99/4 under the Tu9t label. On the T199/4 1 did
Wlldcettlng, Koetan chackara, rrsnie Op, Bingo Duel, end itsbfr
Hunt. Hy beat aalllng program done ao far le Typing Tutor for
the Aadlo Shack TRS-iO. Although it was developed at Xeega
Produeera, It la aold under the Microaoft label.

Hy wit recent prograsi waa done (in asaa*d>ly laoa>isgsl 00
a development protyps of the new TRS-80 Color Cosputer.
Although the prograsi waa flniahed ahortly before the Color
Cosputer waa announced, 2 didn't eee the real cosaiuter until
aaveral weeka after the annosnes-aent. The s-ichiiw* I worked on
waa not wuch eore then a keyboard and a PC board bolted to a
place of plywood. Between the tle-j I flrat Rev the MChlM at
Xswigs, and the tiea X flnlahert the product, alsoet every part
of the ayatev. frosi the keyboard to the BORta was changed at
least once. Since the progra*- X worMwd on hea not been
released y*t, I cannot k-totlen Its nasal It ia a teadilng
progras wnicti will be aold aa a plug. In AC** cartridge. Your
readers would probably be lntereal:ed in the fact that every
programmer at Xs-ige who worked on the TR8-«0 Color COSrjrater
agreed that the 6809 waa the beat aicroprontior they had
tforkad with ao far.

X SP currently working on a buaineaa progra* for the
Model ill TRS-8C, to he written in X-kO aea«s#Jly lansuag-a.
There ie no dovht in sy stnd that the Ho*: ran nui rings
around the £-80.

IB taking eos* graduate level nrarssa st the oniwarslty
of Illinois circle Csstpna. X sogulrefl aossf RDf-ll aseaehbly
lenguage experience. The aaaasbly language of ths 6809
coerparai quite favorably with this mi nirrtapoter's instruction
a«t, end le far aopvrior to t-blt sd.ciui>tvv*R sore X hare
worked with (6502, 8080, i.-e0, 6B0D).

28

68 Micro Journal

•cti-dH proqram!*? 1 fiav* alao Hon* technical vrltlfttf
for R*dlo Shack and CSC Aaaociotva *od i aaaafaetot* a
bMrciH Wt a»d a rasot bet»en tittndfr for th» Ntxto 1 I
TtU-IO wMh ia sold by EBC A* tool at* a.

lnam O'Cofioor

Editor's not*: The above Is Inserted to show where
Leah 'comes from'. It Is always nice for newcomers to
find out some good Things we have all know for years.

..•CMrr. 1.TMP2.0UT. 1.7W1>J. .<l >«-li. »<1 >*••,(! H-5

— t«c sort/hmoe vi.3 «—

OUT HUH »1 - IS* RECORDS

1M UCOKOS SORTSO

KIT PA0C1NC MM REQUIRED

♦♦♦PDEL. l.TMPl .OUT

DtLtTI "l.TOH.OUT"! IT

m. DON KILLIAMS ■>., $-29.10

«»" »!HO JOUR ML
M1I0N, TENNESSEE J7343

ArlEA 1EEIM A PROGRAM 10 10 NEARLY THE SAME THING, I THOUGHT
THt READERSHIP WT *[ lnrCItJlfp IK THE fflLLOMKi w»y OF G£ 1 r I HG/MOfJlF 1 1 H.I
RUNNING DISC rltES MICH REQUIRE lliri [HBurF AS PARAMETERS OK FILE
SPECIFICATIONS. THIS NORJCS ON A Milt SYSTEH. IUT PRuBMLY VILL ALSO
HDIIK ON 4*00 SYSTEMS AS MELL.

AS AN EtAMPlEl 10 RUN 'ASM' KITH flODIFlCATIOMS. 1 YPE THE F0LL0NI.CI
HI 0. ASMS. CMOlnOll, 1 .HLEHAME. TIT,. LiMGe
THEN MM RETURN, MOClFY THE MEMORY, AND THEN USE COHlKOL p TO JUHP
TO THE HAROSTAAT ADDRESS (0000 FOR ASMS). EVERYTHING ETER *M0N. ' IS
PICKEO UP (V THE ASMS HMEH IT EOS IT.

THIS HAS PROVEN INVAluASLE FOR KSUGGIHC UTILITIES ST USING
S1UC-E BREAKPOINTS. IT CAN M US FOR CHANCING 01HTE S, COUNTERS.
ETC. SEFORE RUNNING THE PROGRAM .

IT HAS ALSO COPC TO NY ATTENTION THAT SOMA" PROGRAMMER S 00 HOI
■ EA111E THAT FTER SOME 0«A LINE HITS OR OTHE MALFUNCTIONS

or the srsTEn. basic Papuans as «li as others mat tl recovereo

by hitting beset and then using the control p to jump to the
muwtart aooress (0003 in (asic and others) amd then using
'save' to mite the file on oisk.

ore program that 1 use before testi hc/0c1uc61 hc he n procmjms
is called 'sir' nh1ch stores sot imam i nt err ups (me« if) in all or
loafr memort. this i n1atialiies memory in the saw hay all the time
so that a program should alhats sloh up i k the sane hay. or stop
ir it runs mho into unusio memort. it is also useful when you
many to see nhat is jn memory after a program has run (a 'if
in memory sticks out as an unused iyte1.

to us . ty el 53fiasm* .filename

AAAtJY LILLY NX I
75} S. CARLSON ST.

ALLENTONN. PA. 11103

READY

S» OPEN -(.PRINT- «s ccl-o.ommton OOTO 5<mi
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• ASDT fLEI UTILITY FOR SNtCP COHPtlTCR

• STORE SoriUARE INfERRUPTS IN LONER nfnORT

• AlIO SHONS MAY TO PUT MRSION HUMES IN SCRJICE

• WHICH 'HCR.CMO' UTILITY NlLL FIND

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arltcla Tor a04ltl«ul o>pl.4Mtl«4 of tho JCP .tat ■■■*!■ uto4>

nay I a(.tfl thank yiht , .ad aapraaa ay appraclatlon for ta* avcalloot
ferua that tk. Jovr.al offaro th* 4111 coaNMOlty.

Stacar*!«i

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t*iti -Virrj,

'68' Mi era Journal

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and tullvH to rtEA.

m 1 n«t* o--ir th* citiiti* Editor *nd not tn*
oiik vanion, I uMd Aft lallar'a pfograa and
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BLUE HAT SOFTWARE COMPANY

l Box 4127 flint, Hiohififi 4B504

CKuir Sin:

Iq nUnoci ta th« rtvimw ol DIXIE APtW«,rfag in your Nov* 'BO •■ana; Plo.a*
Inform your t«m1»t* that • p*ul> tor P»rcom SUPER BASIC (auf>Bortln| data fllaa)
■n4 *a Mf»X-to-DlX)E dlak. coiw* r a km utUlty ar« oow avakUSL*. Soto jrtac»B at
•oriWAr* «ra tacluvUd Ln tLa S60 prlc* Cor DIXIE.

L^rrirE< Preilaa
SEPTEMBER 12, 1980

MR. DAVID WEEKS

T k. D ASSOCIATES

1210 TODD ROAD

NEW PLYMOUTH. OHIO 4S6S4

DEAR MR. WEEKS:

JUST A NOTE OP APPECIATIOH FOR YOUR EXCELLENT
PRODUCTS AND SERVICE. SEVERAL OF HY S800 TRIENDS
HAVE REPORTED SIMILAR EXPERIENCES WITH YOU AND
YOUR FIRM. ME T ONLY WISH YOU THE BEST OP
CONTIN ED SUCCESS, BUT ALSO WANT TO UET OTHER *800
USERS W*OW OF OUR EXPERIENCE. TH NKS AGAIH, FC
YOUR QUALITY PRODUCTS AND SERVIC

Y'it'

liisi;

WATSON

MICRO JOURNAL

9917 U Out* Crln

IPMlngun, » 20791
71 s.pv..t»r L9M

Cbo IILlliM Sr.

'68' Hloxo J«uxn«t

xnt "-ill as.

P.O. »o« 8*9

Hln». T«w~ 57>5

>*I Br. HllllAttBt

I triad th. HniiriutlDIl dHCllM ej HUU1 1. Hut,] an Is th>
Ijwll 1980 Ihim of '48' TOcro Jourml Ur prorld* i "toM-up"
Tdictlvn for x 5WP.CT-61* In th* •czDlllni ud*. It pnfonal
i -hnan-up' but did not cOaar tfca Kim. to to BttaBpt t« fomlda
* olaBZ- aozaaD. 1 aJae ejiajutftatt pin 10 of J2 to pin 6* bob Um
daoadar. Tha xa«ult la amttol apapl 1 aaa tAa aenwt ln olanznd,

■oaatlaaa n apoand pulaa In naaind. ' '" BIT to IOC nod nop.

ntltutlac 18 oMn* for \ a r m., tr,-«ril-o?-rr»aa- oli«oltn Boaa
not Nalp, Cne anyono aujfaat n nolutlos T toothar aaaJTloltton
I «>uld Ilka to ana* la to Taaova Itm tltn lloo-faad ahan trplni
In M3JC ahiu atlll Isnorloi llM-faala nod urtflB tta BKPjD luj to
earfor* tna CR/ur f 'uirUpr. ■ Bnn nnjf zanaar aolvvd uil* FneOaa T

1 find your Jauma.1 both halpful and lntaraatln|. Xhlla clanrly
hurVir. fi « trand p 1 i«>uld w«1tom «or» at tantlon to topa nuwr
than dlac ,.,»», I u anjortnt JPC'a oa> ltaiC/l irtth Idoobtud
tnp*i av«n thotujh thar* aza atlll 1 f»w otvra JPC nan pmnltnd 10
Tli. BV Bmrloua axparlanon vltb tho oonynrp; hn« Tjoan ao fpoo thnt
Z an »lllloi to Hans In unra. 11310/) nu n rant of aood faaturaa
lino iliM-aAjWt nod nbbrarlntad ooananodn, nod la about 301 fnotnr
Ulan 3VTT ».I.)

SlTioaraly youm.

Support Our

30

ADVERTISERS!

'68 Micro Journal

THIS t^RSION Of Cl£X In PRIWI.SVS PRHCS THE HCUtl B36e C. ItC*
PRINTER WITH THE JPC PKl*XCT5 TC -I COSSErTE INTERFACE BOARD.

ton PRim.svs

•IN1ERFACE PHRAU CtL PRINTER
WITH JPC CBSStTIE BOnRD- RORI 7

pine eou mbie iSsie - esae flex>

• 1M1T1BL1ZE 8380 PRINTER

ors vccca Acce - esae flex>

• IFF TELL K* IJONT
PIHS M-L .. ill'ul 1. [14 0.

• '.MI0III0 LB.' RS &1IT0BE I

POWERFUL INTEGRATED
6800. 6809 SOFTWARE

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SEN* OORRCTER.

6 ERROR(S) DETECTED

DON'T LST VOUR 1C-3 CBSStltE IHtEM-'ACC 6«rHtR [4JST WHEN YOU rtRE
RUHNIH6 U1TH a FLOPPY SY5TEM. IT IS VERY CONVENIENT TO USE THE
B SICE PID IHJTRJT FUR UURICUS H>SKS. RUN II UIR S IDS 09-23

cohwCtor fc« euicK CMwaEs.

STMORRRIZE DNV PlrtXJT YOU PRE>ER. 1 'r>tD DB-23 PI4 - BIT «
TMROU8H R2I FOR BIT 7. CI <CB1> OUST eflNNECT T« RIB B! THE
8MB PRINTER! THHT IS THE flCKHMLERSE OUTPUT Of 1IC PRIHlER.
I MIRED P17 l P2S TOHEIMEP AT THE PRINTER PLUG HMD •RRKIEO
THAT WilUMD OltR TO TIC 1} PIN ON THE 1C-J. C2 rC82> MUST
CONNECT TO PI IT THE PRINTERl 17 STROBES THE PRINTER TMRT
THE MIR IS iW.lt>.

FOR WORT RIMS IT IS PROBOBLV HOT HEEDED. BUT I COHHECIED THE
GROUND FOR EACH WITH BIT TO «. rER»«ITE U1RES IN IHE RIBBON CRQLE.
THIS URS DOME Hi The PRINTER PLUS ONLY RM> TtC r*-2S ENDS MERE
LEFT FLOHIKO. I6RORCI niTH UDS PI7 t P28 OS lENTIONED R800E.)
BIT 7 IS HOT RTOUimO BV IH BJOfl PRINTER.

1» «fi» IER 'JtRSIOKS 1 U5T0 a SOFTJlWE DELRV ROUTINE FOR TtC
IMPOT PRIME SIONRL. FOR nv OPTL ICSTIONS IT DOES HOI SEEN TO
BE RBOU1RED.

R. PBTTER50H - P.O. SOX Mt - «TN UIEV. OR 7TUB

HELP

NEED SWTPC MP-A OR MP-A2 CPU CARD OR SIMILIAR FOR
SS-50 BUSS. PREFER TO HAVE CARD OPERATIONAL, BUT
WILL CONSIDER CARD THAT NEEDS REPAIR IF NECESSARY.
SEND INFO, CONDITION, PRICE, ETC TO;
GEORGE KELM - PO BOX 160 - YAP ISLAND, GUAM 96943.
••«

HELP! I I FREQUENTLY USE THE TSC'S TEXT PROCESSOR
OPERATING UNDER MINIFLEX TO SET TEXT FILES RUNNING
HUNOREOS OF THOUSANDS OF CHARACTERS. WHO CAN
SUGGEST A PRINT SYSTM FOR USE WITH THIS THAT WOULD
USE H2500 TO H6500 FOR A PRINT BUFFER INSTEAD OF A
TINY BUFFER USED BY MINIFLEX? THE PRESENT BUFFER
CAUSES A DISK READ FOR EACH TWO LINES PRINTED. THE
WEAR ON THE DISK OR IVES IS UNBEARABLE.
JOHN P TUCKER - PO BOX 2898 - LAREDO, TEXAS 78041.

CLASSIFIED ADS

Cr-64+9" MONITOR 1175. AC-30 CASSETTE INTERFACE
CALL - J WYTSMA (404)262-3101.

J30

4K SWPTt MEMORY BOARDS S35 EACH, PERCOM DISK
CONTROLLER WITH 3 ORIVE CABLES. 6800 DOS 4 FLEXTRAM,
6809 MPX DOS, BOX 10 DISKETTE, APPROX $250 VALUE,
WILL SELL FOR 1140 PERCOM ELECTRIC WINDOW WITH 6800
WINDEX /9 ROMS 1235 COMPLETE. 6800 FLEX SOFTWARE
— 6IG DISCOUNT!! CALL FOR PRICES.

DR. MATTHEW SCUDIERE - 100 CEOAR LANE - OAK RIDGE,
TN 37830 (615)576-7648 (OAY) / 482-1355 (EVENIN3).
*«*

CENTRONICS P-1 W/MP-LA CABLE 1250, SWPTC CT-64 $200,

HITACHI 9« MONITOR 175, SWPTC AC-30 175.

SHILLING - 2003 FAIRMEADOW - ARLINGTON, TX 76012

(817)461-2239.

All software it supplied in relocatable format and may
be loaded anywhere in memory

6100 RELOCATING ASSEMBLER AND LINKING
LOADER. The assembler supports relocatable and ab-
solute code, labeled common blocks, 47 error messages,
alphabetited or non.alphabe tiled cross reference table.
8 char global and local labels, TSC source compatabilny,
and much more The linking loader will link up any num-
ber of obiect modules and place the resultant object
anywhere in memory that you wish
MEI-ASMB-1A-10,M6I-LOAO-1A-10 $10(1.00

SIN ONE PASS LINK EOITOR. Functions ma similar
manner to the linking loader except that the final object
is stored back on disc as one object module. This module
may then be loaded anywtiere in memory by the linking
loader IM66-LOAD 1 A-101 This allows the creation ol
library ol relocatable 'quick-load' modules.
M68 LNKA-1A-10 $45.00

GIOO TWO PASS LINK EOITOR. Similar to the one pass
link editor Some optimization is performed.
M60LNKB-1A-10 $45.00

68D0 GLOBAL CROSS REFERENCE GENERATOR.
Provides the capability to tell at a glance all object mod-
ules that reference a particular internal label.
MGO XREF 1A-10 $35.00

6100 OBJECT 0ISPLAVER. Lists the header of an nb-
lect module Parameters displayed are program name.
internal labels, external labels, time, date, and identifi-
cation
M6S-DISMA-10 $25.00

SPECIAL OFFER. All 6 M6800 programs above are
available lor $200.00

A 6800 users manual describing all 6 programs above is
available lor S1S.O0. This is refundable with your pur-
chase ol the assembler and linking loader. All 6800
software is supplied on 5 inch FLEX* discs and runs
with FLEX' 2.0.

esoY re'locating assemoier' a~n~d~ unking

L0A0ER. Supports features similar to those of the 6800
software above. Will also assemble 6800 and 6801 in-
structions.
M69-ASMB-1A-10, M69LOAO-1A-10 $100.00

The lot lowing 4 programs lunction m a similar manner
to then 6800 counterparts.

6809 ONE PASS LINK EOITOR.

MB9LNKA-1A 10 $45.00

6809 TWO PASS LINK EOITOR

M69LNKB1A10 $45.00

6809 GLOBAL CROSS REFERENCE GENERATOR.

M69XREF1A-.0 $35.00

6809 OBJECT 0ISPLAVER.

M69 0«SP-1A10 $25.00

SPECIAL OFFER. All 6 M6809 programs above are
available tor _ $200.00

A 6809 urn manual describing til 6 oiogcams above it avwlable
loi $15 00 (ralurwlabia with PwrChaw at nwmblar and loadml
All 6809 lohwara it luepliad on 5-inch FLEX* ditci and runt
will) FLEX' 9.0.

A CATALOG Ol all ol our Sofiwart Producli is available FREE
lor the aikina,

•FLEXisaiiJdemailolTECMNICALSVSTEMSCONSULTANTS

Cincjtek Software

BOX 19365

CINCINNATI, OHIO 4S21t

15131 751-6203

'68' Micro Journal

-31

IN YOUR COLOR COMPUTER!

Now you can explore the Radio Shack Color Computer's impressive potentials— as an
Inexpensive development system, a color peripheral, a process controller— ad Infinitum.
The Micro Works introduces these powerful software tools for utilizing the color
computer at the assembly language level.

MONITOR TAPE: A cassette tape which allows you to:

• Examine or change memory using a formatted hex display

• Save areas of memory to cassette in binary (a "CSAVEM")

• Download/upload data or programs to a host system

• Move the video display page throughout RAM

• Send or receive RS-232 at up to 9600 baud

• Investigate and activate features of your computer, such as hi-res graphics or
machine-language music

• Use your computer as an intelligent peripheral of another computer, for a color
display or a 6609 program development tool

The monitor has 17 commands in all, and is relocatable and re-entrant.
k 80C Monitor Tape Price: $29.95

/

MONITOR ROM: The same program as above, supplied in ROM. This allows BASIC to

use the entire RAM space. And you don't need to re-load the monitor each time you use
it.
V 80C Monitor ROM Price: S39.95

r

INSIDE THE COLOR COMPUTER: This package is a disassembler which runs on the
color computer and enables you to generate your own source listing of the BASIC
interpreter ROM. Also included is a documentation package which gives useful ROM
entry points, complete memory map, I/O hardware details and more. Disassembler
features include cross-referencing of variables and labels; output code which can be re-
assembled; output to an 80-column printer, small printer or screen; and a data table area
specification which defaults to the table boundaries in the interpreter ROM. A 16K
system is required for the use of this cassette.
80C Disassembler Price: $49.95

THI/yV n/^rD^/o\ MasterChargeMsa Accepted

LKf\ U K ^ It s J California residents add 6% tax.

0)\^U kCAV p.o. BOX 1110, DEL MAR, CA 92014 [714] 942-2400

6800/6809 PASCAL

DYNASOFT PASCAL is a cassette based
PASCAL subset designed to run on most 6800/
6809 systems with 12K or more of memory.

most of
SCAL
>5?t»tHER
FOR
ROCED

DYNASOFT PASCAL

the control structures of st
including IF THEN ELSE
WISE. WHILEDO.
TO/DOWNTO DQwyrec
URE's and FUNGwjrYs [^j^pbrts the data
types INTEGER>CHA©^e)OLEAN, scalar
(user-definadfoubrartjjXSointer and ARRAY.
It is buil^J0Und^afe pass compiler which
produttanast^ompact p-code and comes
complere withwJhe -oriented text editor, p code
interpreter, and program SAVE and LOAD
routines. The whole system resides in less than
8K.

The cassette version with manual is priced at
$35 plus S3 for postage and handling. Please
specify 6800 or 6809.

systems ltd.

P O BOX 51. WINDSOR JCT
NOVA SCOTIA. CANADA
BON 2V0 (902) 861 2202

Give your computer . . .
..the time of day!

WITH THE CK - 7 CLOCK
FOR SWTPC COMPUTERS.

• A TRUE CLOCK, not a timer, keeps time
continuously without servicing by the com-
puter. Provides hours, minutes, seconds.

• COMPLETE KIT $59.95

* power supply allows clock to run
with computer power turned off

phone

505 294-4623

Pt«)[)UCISCO
i o
UN •nil

i uk Ml' m Vu.

add S3 shipping

WE'VE GOT YOUR
68XX SOFTWARE

GYPSY TERMINAL COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGE

• Completely interrupt driven

' Send-Accept data files to from host
' Your computer functions ONLINE as intelligent
terminal to host machine

* User-settable handshake. Most common proto-
cols can be used

' Spool Incoming data to printer

' SET command allows setting about 50 different
parameters to user's desired configuration

' Baud rates up to 9600 permitted
Available NOW for TANO Outpost 11 and coming
soon for SWTPC and WAVEMATE.

ED SMITH'S SOFTWARE WORKS

* * 6800 Software

Relocating Assembler

Relocating Recursive Macro Assembler

Disassembler-Source Generator

Disassembler-Segmenting Source Generator

Disassembler-Trace Debugger

EPROM Support Relocator

SMITHBUG Monitor

BB00->6809 Cross Macro Assembler
' ' 6809 Software

Relocating Assembler

Relocating Recursive Macro Assembler

Disassembler-Source Generator

Disassembler-Segmenting Source Generator

B809->6800 Cross Macro Assembler
Available on FLEX 2.0, FLEX 9.0, SSB 5" or 8" disks.

OSBORNE BUSINESS PROGRAMS in TSC XBASIC

Accounts Receivable
Accounts Payable
General Ledger

We specialize in software for TANO, SWTPC, and
WAVEMATE series 2000 computers
Visa or Mastercard accepted
Dealer Inquiries welcome

FLEX is a TradeMark of Technical Systems Consultants

(J\j^

Great Plain Computer Company, Inc.

p.o

P.O. Box 916. Idaho Falls, Idaho SJ401

208— 5*9-3210

'68' Micro Journal

33

64K DYNAMIC RAM

FOR THE SS-50C BU5

0000DDDD0000DDD0
00DD0D00DD00DDDD

□D

] 000000

□ □□»]□□□

DECODES It 01 70 AODICSS- LINES
I MHz OPERATION

FULL KIT
ISSEMILED

us s 499
is* 599

COMS 579

CDN1699

DELIVER! <-« NECKS
DEALER IHQ. INVITED

VIUCMTCHIOUI MO»|y DADE*. ACC
OMTAHtO Hti AOO 7*. BALfA TAB

RCE

I0IERTS CONTROL EQUIPMENT

MAO WIITON KO UNIT ] Wt.TON
ON1AHIO CANADA Utl tWI

(416)749-5062 (716)631-8178

JPC PRODUCTS FOR

6800

COMPUTERS

16 CHANNEL A/D BOARD

• 8 BIT DATA

• SOFTWARE CONTROLLED GAIN

• 3300 SAMPLES PER SECOND

• ±0.7% ACCURACY

COMPLETE KIT: AD-16 $69.95

Tarma: Cash, MC or Vila; Shipping b Handling 13.00

'JPC product*

Order Phone (505) 294-4623
P.O. Box 5615
Albuquerque, N.M. 87185

M

thi SCREDITOR II a>» TREK6864 a.i hi...,

Vivo «p«tt the lac i year working oo it. »e*ve taken your Ideas At »"t ■ REAL-TIME, LIYE-ACTIO" TUE-type einolatioft for tb«

■ ad addad nova of our own, and com up vltb the aoit powerful, 6800 la beret TR£Jt6*64 la Cb» boat exciting arcade-type («■«
•aar-to-tiaa. OtTOJi/FOflMATTKn available today for the 66001 Ixaok avar aval labia for 6800 uavrvt

at a fee or tha featuree of tba 3CBEDIT0H II and n« why *v aay

ll'e tba BEST adltor avallabla for HEHOflY-KAPPEO DI8PLAV8I * AS YOU VATCN, tha DAasTANG lBVadere l«ploawnt conluainfi bitlli

plaaa, tbalr Uiti ooviag toward you, tiring aa

• FULL SCREE" fOWIATTIfW - Tab* ami Ptarflna ere fully dynualc - tbey com, tbalr pbotoa torpedoee bourne Oft foul

aal or aova l bee. aoyebere. any tlael

word wrap, paragraph ap.Lttlng. lib* * AS YOU WATCH , your energy decrement*, becoming daagerouely low

«i)dmt all honor loe current *»rglet *»d Tow caaaot warp becauue of dmir. But wait*

- DYNAMIC SCREEN DISPLAY * *het you do la InaadlatVly vLelble oo * *S YOO VATCN. a «•»■(« flaabaa - VARP DRIVES REPAIRED! No* to

tha acraan - Inaarta, deletea, Una find a baaa - you icm - a baaa la found I You

cbaniea, copiae. f 1 1* e*rgee. ate... rotate tba CtKTURlAN la prepare to warp. ..and a

all bappao aa you watch torpedo hi tat CLOAllMG DEVICE DA MA GEO I You warp'

■ MULT.-MOOE EDITING - ] B LIKE nod* , HO ■ru or paragraph * AS YOU VATCN, tba qundraet you rn tared la lafaatad vltb aura

Tilling takva plica. Idaal for 6a* Ic . DAASTAJfG, . . and tba? have apotled you t Lvea a*

Patcel, forth or nna*a.bly league** you aova tovard your baaa. you are bit itn« and

coding? la TEXT *ode, automatic word again* IMPUL3I EXG.KSS DAMAGED*. CLOACING DEVICE

wrap, paragraph filling, it ma tut flEPAIflEDI You cloak quickly to avalt repalre. aa

document preparation a breeael tba DA 03 TAMO begin to imp tba quadrant in coa*

fualonl i*l)L your energy run out befora tha ra-

• MfVLACllCElfT STMI1103 - Deftaa e m vorda, pbraeea, avan paira ara complete? vlll tha DAR3TAK0 daatroy

(taaaBud aequaecea aa a alagle charac- your baaa before you cab dock? Only time vlll

tar - oee kayttroke aatry raplacaa a tall u you play TREJCBM4*
lot of typing! Evan aava find load tba

repleoemeate to aad froai sMakl Tbia REAL-TtKE game La tba K>at ebgromBlng simulation you hav*

avar aaao for lb* ««OOt If you hav« a 64x1* WWOUT -UAPPED board,

■ XEYTJOAHO <JUBUE BUFFER * »or eyatema which cac support in tar- aod ae ACIA or IMA keyboard port, you too can play TS£K«*04

rupl operation, full type-abeed la a And, Ilka our OCpeDITOn II, ve provide a SYSGBti prograa to make

aleodard feature* mod if lcai lone eaalarl <SO cbaractar varalooo Available aoon. )

And, finally, tha price la right !

• STSCErf CU a Toil I z IT IOW * No acre boura of aachloe coda palcfcea

eltb tba SOlEDlTOn 1 1 - we provide i TWEB«€j< PftOGRAH DISK;. IflMUAL , . + + »H . *5

coeniate XXMXV progTa* wtilcb will do FROCKiM ASSEMBLY USTlTO $3*. *i

tba %ork for you - alvtply in««rr tba PtOGMM SODBCX CCDC OH DISK. . . « , , %9Q -5
quaatlaoe, BBd your paichee are donet

The SCREDITOR II now aUpporte SO coamanda, 24 ecreee operatora,

aad le coanletely upward'Coatpatable vltb all teat end eource

file baodlteg pr-K r ae»l A full co-reeldeet proceaeor to be an- FLEX IS A TradeMjrk Of Technical Systems COflSuJUntS

BOUOoad aooal Available dob for TSC PLI1 1,0 end 3,0. S80 OCCOS

aod STTPCO e»lnl-nJOt. AAd all popular MZvDCY -fcUPPEO DJIPLAYSf

PkOGRAM DISC. 100 PAG* UARUAL . . . 170. 05

iukual oily 14B.B9 Alford and AssocltteB

SOURCE LisTlJrO »3B.Bfl nilwl " •>-"■ nMUBlltBD

SOURCE CODE ON DISK ........ M2i. Bfl

P» 0. Box 6743

(Tbla ad eaa cOBrpovad ualng only transfer letterLag aed tbe new
BC8E0 ITOV II )

„ Richmond, Vi., BSB30

VA. r.ald.m. Add 4* «•!• >•!.• ru. tC, TISA. CDC'., ccr.oc.l * '

cb.cha Acc.pt.d. Ol.cka riqulrt lool.r Co prpcsea. Tor ordara _ _ . a.ia.% a>mmm

undar .100. add »» for pippin I AAd budllif. B04t~ ' 310 ~ 671 S

'08' Mlao Journal

SMOKE SIGNAL BROADCASTING

Presents

3 Powerful New SS-50/SS-50C Boards

DCB-4

Disk Master

Double Density Controller Board

and DOS68D Double Density DOS

S449.00

The new DCB-4 is a truly state-of-the-art develop-
ment which allows up to 366K bytes to be stored
on a single 5/4" disk and has these outstanding
features:

• Up to four 5% "and four 8" drives can be
handled in the same system with a user de-
finable logical unit table. (DOS680 will be
compatible with future hard disk systems).

• Under software control, the user can select
the following for any drive:

6 Single sided or double sided operation.
6 Single density or double density data.
<t 5'/4"or8".

* Stepping Rate.

* 40 track or 35 track density on double
sided 5/4" drives.

A User can select the system boot configu-
ration.

• Occupies only 16 bytes of memory space
(F76Q-F76F standard). User selectable to any
16 byte address space.

• Can read and write a single sector by itself.
Onboard buffer memory allows full inter-
rupt capability in interrupt driven systems.
Once data transfer has been initiated, no
more processor time is required,

• Contains extended decoding circuitry for ex-
tended addressing per SS— 50C bus which
can be enabled by an option jumper.

• SSB provides a means for copying software
written by older versions of OOS68 to be
read by OOS68D. All new media formatted
by DOS68D can be read by all older versions
of DOS68. DOS68 is SSB's 6800 disk opera-
ting system.

• Track of side is recorded in single den-
sity per IBM standard.

• Phase-locked-loop assures highest data inte-
grity attainable.

All of these features are available for immediate
delivery on one standard 5%" x 9" 50 pin SS— 50/
SS-50C card for only $449.00. The price includes
OOS68D version 5.1, MONITOR object code on
diskette, and a manual with the source listing.

SCB-69

Super Computer Board

6809CPU Board

S299.00

The most versatile 6809 CPU Board on
the market is now available from
Smoke Signal Broadcasting and has the
following features:

• Standard 2 MHz operation.
(Shipping 1.5 MHz until 68B09 available)

• 20 bit address generation for up
to 1 Mbyte of memory. Uses an
improved address translation RAM
which is compatible with present
extended addressing schemes yet
requires much less overhead when
used in multi-user systems.

• All onboard devices can be switch
selected to occupy any or all ex-
tended pages. Any onboard device
may be disabled and its memory
space is then available for exter-
nal memory.

• Standard real— time clock (time—
of— day, day— of— week, day— of—
month) with battery back up ca-
pable of generating programmable
interrupts.

• Up to 20K of EPROM can be in-
stalled on the CPU Board.

• Standard 1K of RAM onboard.

• Includes improved 6809 Monitor
(and source listing).

• Contains an FPLA for decoding
EPROM address and optional de-
vices. Switches are used to select
2K/4K EPROM and Fast/Slow I/O.

• Contains provision for optional
9511/9512 floating point pro-
cessor.

• NMI line is user selectable to work
with either SS-50 or SS-50C
busses.

Price for the new SCB— 69 is only
$299.00 for an assembled, burned-in
fully tested board.

M-32-X

32K

Memory Board

$539.00 $439.00

The first and only 32K
Static Ram Board on stan-
dard size (5%" x 9")
SS-50/SS-50C Bus Cir-
cuit Card is made by
Smoke Signal.

• Switch selectable to
any 4K boundary.

• Any 4K block may be
switch enabled or dis-
abled.

• Fully compatible with
SS-50C extended ad-
dressing (allows mem-
ory decoding up to
1 Mbyte).

• Extended addressing
capability may be
switched off for com-
patibility with SS-50
systems,

• Gold Bus Connectors
for high reliability,

• Guaranteed 2MHz op-
eration (tested at 2.2
MHz).

• Low power consump-
tion — 8 volts at
2.4 amps typical.

M-32-X
Board is
$539.00.

32K Memory
priced at

M-24-X 24K Memory
Board expandable to 32K,
is $439.00.

And our M-16-X 16K
board is back to the old
price of $299.00.

BBOABCASTIHf

31336 Via Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91361, (213) 889-9340

Disk Controller Boards

SWTPC 5' DC- 3 $150.00

SWrPCS" DMF-2 395.00

SSB 5" BFD-68-5 335.00

55B8- BFD-66-B 335.00

MICROWORK5 DM-8S

Mixer KM for convening lo BFD-68

(o both S' and 8' operation 39.95

SSB DCB-4 449.00

CIMIX 5/8 Disk Controller 226.58

Please Include $5.00 lo cover Shipping and Handling
SWTPC Bareboards

MP-Sb, MP-LAb, MP-Nb, MP-Rb. MP-Tb 15.00

MP-8Mb. MP-09b (6809 Processor Board) 25.00
We Have Most SWTPC Kits in Slock

Software:

6800 or 6809 Modem Program with Disk Pile Transfer (or
SSB or FLEX Instructions and Source Listing 25 00

Disk with source and object (specify 6800. 6809. SSB FLEX) addlO.OO
Editor Text Processor- Mailrng Labels- Mailing Lists
ALL IN ONE for any terminal Speciry SSB orFLEXand Version 35 00
Source Listing add 35 00

MkrOtime 6800 Calendar and Clock Board (see review
Feb 1980 '68' Micro Journal)
Bareboard. connectors, and documentation 3500

Assembled and tested 105 00

1154 digit Math Package with Fortran Type Formatting 100 00

Business Random Basic R3 for SSB 50 00

Mark Data Random Basic (Fastest Basic Avail for SSB DOS) 60 00
Payroll (Process any number of employees, fast) 400 00

ALL IN ONE for only $35.00

Editor - Text Processor - Mailing Labels -

Mailing Lists For Any Terminal

Supports Editing commands such as bottom, change, delete.
find, insert (single line), input (multiple lines), list. next, overlay (with
cursor editing, character deletion and insertion), overslnke (for
selected darker text), print, restart, set, top, underline, up, and verify

Supports Text Processing commands such as block copy,
block move, centering, margin Justification (widen and narrow), paging,
and tabbing.

Mailing Lists and Labels. Use the same nvulmglist disk file (with
protected areas) for both mailing labels and repeal letters Repeal
letters are personally addressed lo each person or selected persons on
the mailing lisl

Most Powerful File Handling found in any editor Appendonefile
lo the end of another, or insert (merge) one file into another as
desi3na(ed by the line pointer Print specified lines loyour pnnter or lo a
disk file. Edit files larger than the text buffer Does r»l produce output
dies when not desired Delete disk files from the Editor

Printer commands. Control characters can be sent to the printer
for formal control either directly from the control terminal or by
imbedding them in (he text The Set command contains interface
initialization and character output routines to support the SWTPC MP
C interface as well as (he standard serial and parallel interfaces User
also selects the port address (0 thru 7. A or B)therebyeliminatingthe
need for the user lo install printer software routines

Editor allws exiting to either the monitor or DOS and then reenter
(Warm Start) without destroying previously prepared text in the buffer
The Restart command erases contents in the buffer without the user
having lo reload the editor

The Editor allows the user to toggle between full duplex (no echo) and
half duplex (echo) as needed. Il responds lo commands in both upper
and lower case and can be used to create assembler source code and
Basic programs as well as text

What do you have to lose ? Specify 6800 or 6809, SSB orFLEXand
Version. Source listing is available for an additional $35.00

/TT\ AAA Chicago Computer Center

V-- I 120 Chestnut Lane. Wheeling, IL 60090

^— • SEE GIMIX AD PAGES 3 4 48 (312) 459-0450
Dealer for GIMIX. SSB, SWTPC. and TSC

FLEX is a TradeMark of Technical Systems Consultants

'68' MICRO JOURNAL

•^ The only ALL 6800 Computer Magazine.
if More 6800 material than all the others com-
bined:

MAGAZINE COMPARISON

(2 years)

Monthly Averages

6800 Articles

TOTAL
KB BYTE CC DOBB'S ' PAGES

7.8 6.4 2.7 2.2 19.1 ea. mo.

Average cost for all four each month: $5.88

(Based on advertised 1-year subscription price)

68' cost per month: $1.21

That's Right! Much. Much More

for About

1/5 the Cost!

1-Year $18.50 2-Year $32.50 3-Year $18.50

OK, PLEASE ENTER MY SUBSCRIPTION
Bill My: Master Charge Q — VISA Q
Card # Exp. Date

For □ 1-Year fj 2 Years Q 3 Years

Enclosed: $

Name_

Street-

City-

State

.Zip.

My Computer Is:.

68 MICRO JOURNAL

3018 Hamlll Road

HIXSON. TN 37343

Foreign surface add $9.50 per year.
Foreign Air Mail add $29.00 per year.

j^sljl*^

>/

Life Subscription $250.00
Note:Canada£Mexico ADD $4.50 per year.
New subscriptions require 6-8 weeks
processing time.

36

'68' Micro Journal

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214) 271-3538

32K S-100 EPROM CARD
NEW!

"Mllll
11111111

i i

USES 2716*«
Blank PC Board - $34

ASSEMBLED & TESTED
ADO $90

STCCUU. 271* EMOH'i {450 NS) A/* 114 » IA. With Aoov* Kit

KIT FEATURES

1 USM *>5V only ?7l6 (JKxB, EPROM S

2 Allow* up lo 32* ol ioMwi ir on |in#i

3 tEEE S-lOO CompaUiX*

4 AddraSftlBIt tt MfO independent 16K ft OokJplltadCOhriCt ling**-.

ttochi

5 Croftwnco««t«nd«<rcf Norih5r*(b4nh

7 Any or all EPflOM locaiion* cm o*

diMDitd
a Doubt* tided PC bow d 4otd«f<maiied.

iq UfttetoelKl EPROM"* an 10 matte* II y
pow«f««4 down tar low PO* *r

ii Fuih/ buffered po ovP*»*«
6 Of* boAVd wait ><■(■ eweuitry rf naadwd i? Em end Quick lo caembie

16K DYNAMIC RAM PARTIALS
j\ INTEL 2108 8K X 1 RAMS /
0° 8 FOR $9.95 32 FOR $35 °Ki

FACTORY PRIME! '

Huge special purchase of INTEL Dynamic RAM's. These
are 2108-4. 300NS, 8K. Ceramic DIP The 2108 is the
INTEL 2116 (16K) tested for either upper or lower 8K only.
These are factory prime. Full Spec See INTEL 1978 Cat
for details or Memory Design Handbook for application
data. Both IMSAI and EXTENSYS did mfg S-100 RAM
boards using these devices. — P S These devices will not
work in the SD EPANDORAM", Please specify upper or
lower 8K. (S1 626 or S1627). A super easy RAM to interface
to a Z80, 16 PIN DIP.

FOR

CO - "

LOW POWER - 300NS 8 FOR

2114 RAM SALE! $37 so

4K STATIC RAMS MAJOR BRANO. NEW PARTS

These lie Ihe most sought tiler 2114'a. LOW POWER and 30ONS FAST

8 FOR $37.50

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

PRICE CUTI

*199 95

KIT

1 Tin ii ii in in ii i
1 ...... mm.. m

KIT FEATURES

1 Addf«M0t m lour ■WIHII «K BtoCNa

2 ON BOARD BANK SELECT W Cu,rr» ICro-

mimStatoil'l AI|o»i "0 10 SUk on IUW BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA J.M
J Umi Jim I150NS) « k Sialic Hum .„..,„„«,.., ,-„,-„„ „.-,■ ....

« ON BOARD SELECT ABLE WAIT STATES LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET $12
S Double tided PC Board with tarda* pthia end CuPpORT ICS A CAPS-S199S
•m uihwi wm ami pihh corned ><ng»>i.
I imummiWfwiuifauiMo ASSEMBLED « TESTED ADD »3S

r Unl^ilLHnimiKim

S PHANTOM a |umpered lo PIN «7

9 LOW POW R UMII 1 i amp* TYPICAL from

ma .» Von Bute

10 Bunk PC >om can » popmereo *• any
multieke oT «

OUR #1 SELLING
RAM BOARD!

»fcV"

STEREO!

S-100 SOUND COMPUTER BOARD

***/

COMPLETE KITI

$84 95

(WITH DATA MANUAL)

At last. an 5.10O Board Iriet uf' l t iee the fun power ol (wo
unooUovabte General fn u rumem* A Y3- ea to NMOr> tzomp.j fa*
Bound ICt Allows lOU under total computer conuot to
o*na*aat an </*tona number of epeciel Bound art-cla lor
o^ries or any other program Some* can be called In BASIC
ASSEMBLY UUeOUAOfc He
KrT FEATURES

• TWO Ql SOUND COMPUTER ICS

• FOUR PARALLEL Ifl POUTS ON BOARD

• USES ON BOARD AUDIO AMPS OR TOUR STEREO

• ON BOARD PROTOTYPING AREA

• ALL SOCKETS. PARTS AND HARDWARE ARE INCLUDED

• PC BOARD IS 50LDERMASKEO SIL K SCREENED WITH OOLO CONTACTS

• EASY QUICK AND PUN 10 BUILD WITH FUI L INSTRUCTIONS

• USES PROGRAMMED I/O FOR MAXIMUM SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY
Both Banc ami Aatemory Language Programming demotes are included

SOFTWARE
SCL* B *novav*lac*r , OtirSouftdCarr«nan0 LAnaueoemetiet writing Sound Enacts progr ami
a SNAP* SCL^BrwwrcArfdae routine* *o«R»an>*r EiarmnrMootN Mwne>y-Eiern«w-Ur>drfr
and pier Manv><> SCL - m armttaa on CP **■ compatible dratfJV of 77DI or 77TS Diahatla -
SMH ITVt III* 77ta tlfJSO.»aiI» indvOJI 1Kewu.ce {PHOVTS ere ORG *
ES0OH

BLANK PC

BOARD W/DATA

$31

16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

$ 210

FULLY STATIC!

FOR SWTPC
6800 BUSS!

ASSEMBLED AND
TESTED - $35

KIT FEATURES

I Ad reuaofe on 16K Boondarwa
1 Uses 71 U SUTK Run
3 Fully ByeaeioO

* Ooubt* aided PC Board Solder na

and a«ia. screened layout
S AH Parti arv» Soctau inctuOM
9 Lent Powat Ultdar I i Amt» Typical

BLANK PC BOARD-J30 COMPLETE SOCKET SET-112

SUPPORT ICS AND CAPS— $19.95

4K DYNAMIC RAM BLOWOUTI

SAME AS INTEL 21078!

•K RAMS AT AN UNBELIEVABLE 50C EACHH!

Prime, new. National Semi. 1979 date coded, lull ipec parta NS
•MMS2S0-5N Same as INTEL 2107B-4. Tl TMS406O NECuPOAH etc
We bought a HUGE OTY from a West Coast Distributor at truly
DISTRESS PRICES! One ol the moat popular and reliable RAM'a ever
made These parts have been used by almost all Malar Computer Main
Frame Mlg th« woitd over! Arranged as 4K « I, 270 NS Access Time. 22
Pin Dip These units DO NOT use multiplexed addressing, thus making
REFRESH and other timing very almpte See INTEL MEMORY DESIGN
HANOBOOKtoi lull application notes The NAT SEMI MEMORY DATA
BOOK is available at most Radio Shack Stores Prime units In original
factory lubes'

^ aSMO-SN «0M BITS X 1 270 NS ACCESS

«**[oa»'> 8 FOR $4.95 32 FOR $18

°"^ FACTORY CASE (450 PCS) — $180

Socket • Special: 22 Ptn Low Profile <Wrth Purchase el UMTs) S FOR $1.

COMPUTER PARTS SPECIALS

74LS17S • .99 8035 Intel Single Chip CPU - S.9S

74LS240- 1.79 Signetics 2901 4 Bil Slice - 6.95

74LS241 - 1.79 AMD 2903 4 Bil Super Slice - 12 50

74LS244 - 1.79 AMD 2970S Dual Port RAM - 8.95
74LS373- 1.99

NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP

AYJ-S9I0 Al toatgrad In July 1979 BYTE! A lanlatncally powertul Sound S Muat
Ornerator Portactlor uiavrrth dny SBltMkroprocMior Contains 3 Tona Channali.
NOIU Generator 3 Channel! of Amphlu eControl IS brlEnyrXope Period Conlrot 3-fl
Bit Parallel I/O 3 Dlo ACanwerleri pluamltch more' AKinona AOPmOIP Super easy

$11,94 MICE CUT)

Add 13 lot 60 page Oala Manual

tnferfic* lo tne S- 100 or other

SPECIAL OFFER: »4**S each

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND. TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Add tl SO postage We Pay balance Oidera under S15 add 75«
handling NoCOD Weeceapt Visa and MesietChaiga Tex. Res add 5%
Tax Foreign Orders (excepi Canada) add 30% P 4 H 90 Day Money Back
Guarantee on all Hems Oidera over ISO. add BS« lor Insurance

-TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH

'68' Micro .rournal

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA. THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

.37

DATA BASE

k'

MANAGER

The Universal Data Research Data Base Management System
(DBMS) is a comprehensive group of programs that allow
a virtually untrained person to store and recall vast
amounts of information in a computer system to meet
Individual requirements.

The DBMS is written In TSC Extended Disk Basic and
requires at least 48K of memory to operate. All
programs use a parameter file to allow easy adaption to
individual systems.

The user Is guided through these extensive programs by
menus and sub-menus grouped by type of function. By
simply answering prompts the user can create files,
store any type of data and recall or manipulate It.
The complex task of maintaining data files on the disk
Is completely taken care of by the programs, the size
of the files Is only limited by the disk storage
capacity of the computer system.

Transparent to the fixed sector length, sub-records of
related information are created only to the size
required to conserve disk space. These sub-records can
contain as many as 27 different fields of Information.
Each field in turn can contain either alphanumeric,
integer or floating point data.

For those users who wish to write their own specific
tasks for the database a complete source listing of all
the subroutines is included at no extra charge.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM TYPES

CREATE DATA FILES The user specifies the file name,
password and type of different data he wishes to store.

BUILD A FILE The user specifies the file name and is
then prompted through the fields, he has previously
specified, to enter the data he wishes to store. After
verification the data is stored and the user prompted
for the next group of data.

EDIT A FILE The user specifies which record he wishes
and the data for that record Is displayed. The user
then has the option to alter any data contained by that
record. Records can be specified by the actual record
number or by the data being looked for by the user.

SORT PROGRAMS To organize the data In the most
meaningful order the user can sort any file by any
field, create a sorted keyfile or merge two sorted
f i les together.

REPORT PROGRAMS To meet the users individual needs
reports can be completely customized. From a single
record, labels or paginated sheet the user need only
select the data he wishes to print and see only the
data that meets a specified criteria. Report df In it ions
can be saved and used to rerun new reports at any time.

FILE UTILITY PROGRAMS Enable the user to delete
records, compress files, or modify any specified field
data throughout the entire file. The user may also
transfer data from one file to another.

GENERAL UTILITY PROGRAMS A group of utilities Is
provided to allow the user to view the directory of a
disk, change the system date, print a source of a
program, compare two programs for any differences or
search a program for the occurence of any specified
string without ever having to leave the DBMS.

ADVANTAGES OF THE UOR - DBMS

Learn to use the DBMS quickly. There is no
programming language or set of coaaands to
learn and reaeaber.

Enjoy the t i ae savings previously required
to collect data and prepare it.

Get the report you want. In the exact
format you want, at any tiae.

See your data sorted in Its aost aeanlngful
order.

Create your files quickly and aalntain thea
eas My.

Keep your data current with easy editing
and tile aan I pu I ta I on.

- DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

UNIVERSAL
QATA
RESEARCH
|NC.

FLEX

$350.00

UNIFLEX

$450.00

Special CT-82 Version

Minus Source and Utilities

$150.00

2457 WEHRLE DRIVE ■ BUFFALO. NEW YORK 14221 • 716-631-3011

38

68 Micro Journal

$100 00

COMPUTER SYSTEMS CONSULTANTS, INC
1454 LATTA LANE, CONYERS, GA. 30207
TELEPHONE 404-4*3-1717 OR 483-4570

SOf TWARE DEPARTMENT

680X DISASSEMBLER SVSTEM iSM 00 til Jan 30)
-mn» on 8800/1/9. ■nBtyies 6600 1 5 9 6502 codas
-incK*d»» FLEX 0* SMOKE tourc* programs
— generates MOOn ASM code fro 6800 i code
— ganaralu 8609 ASM cod* from 0600/1/9 coda
-general** 6805 ASM cod* and 6502 ASM cod*
-*poon»tty generates 8809 position- independent code
-automatic labels, optional FC8. FCC. FOB. RMBs
— disk-lo-dlak or console, commands Irom menu or disk
—generates FLEX or SMOKE and user.delmed names
— includes 860X ASM language XOEF program

680X ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE XREF PROGRAM

-alphabetic (-reference program tor any 6609 ASM code

6805 6800 6802 MACROS FOR TSC 6609 ASM EACH S
—macro sets for cross-assembly on 6809 ALL 3

FULL-SCREEN FORMS DISPLAY FOR TSC X-BASIC
—display and edit (or terminals and video displays
—requires 5 K bytos on 6800 or 6809
— Interactive lorms generator documentor provided

TSC BASIC RESEQUENCINQ AND XREF PROGRAMS
—processes TSC BASIC. X-BASIC. PC. XPC programs
— partial and blank-resequence capabilities
— alphabetized iretot all variables and BASIC verbs

TSC X-BASIC DISK SORT MERGE GENERATOR

—Interactively generates TSC XPC BASIC programs or
subroutines tor disk son/merge
(Specify i' on a*, flex or smoke oisk for all programs)

HARDWARE DEPARTMENT

1/0 SELECTRIC INTERFACE BOARD
—ASCII (serial or parallel) In. 2 -SOv solenoids out
—transparent serial Interlace (RS-232/TTL 4 CTS)
-up to 6 balls In 2706 PROM IBCO'Correspondence)

SS-SO WIRE-WRAP BOARD (52-16 PIN EQUIVALENT)

SS-30 WIRE-WRAP BOARD 132-16 PIN EQUIVALENT)

SS-50 EXTENOER/TERMINATOR SCOPE-PROBE BOARDS 30 00
— puilup SIPs lor al signal lines included

SS-30 SERIAL INTERFACE BOARD (1 ACIA)

SS-50 FRONT PANEL DISPLAY BOARD
-18 LEO* display Mrs! cUg.it or address

STEEL OISK CABINET tf-MmtfLOPPIES I POWER SUPPLY)

i 25.00

50 00
$100 00
$ 2500

S 25 00

$ 25.00

t 35 00

25 00
12 50

$10 00
S 1000

NOCREOITCAROS -COO CHARGES EXTRA- US FUNOSONLY
l POSTAOErHANO ING 5* US 1 « FOREIGN J

DYNAMITE®

„ "THE CODE BUSTER''
DISASSEMBLES 6800 & 6809 MACHINE CODE
INTO BEAUTIFUL SOURCE\|

v v v N

• Convert your 6800 programs to 6809!

• Automatic LABEL generation

• Allows specifying FCB's, FCC's, FDB's. etc.

• Constants input from DISK or CONSOLE

• Automatically uses system variable NAMES

• DISK-to-DISK or DiSK-toCONSOLE operation
Includes 5' or 8" FLEX 9 diskette with relocatable

object code. Full operating instructions (you'll learn in
minutes!)

Order your DYNAMITE" today
Only $60.00 postpaid in U.S. MC & VISA accepted

6809. FLEX 9, and 24K total RAM required
order from:

COMPUTER SYSTEMS CENTER

13461 CNIva Blvd.

Ch«*t«r1l*ld, MO 6301 7

(314) 576-5020

we also stock SWTPC, TSC, JPC products
hours 12-9 daily, 10-5 Saturday

%

Dealer inquiries welcome
FLEX is a trademark of TSC (Bless their hearts)

6809!

INTRODUCING THE NEW

STATE-OF-THE-ART

IN MICROCOMPUTER

SOFTWARE FROM MICROWARE

OS9-1 SINGLE USER

OS9-1 WITH TAPE FILE MANAGER

on 2716s $ 95.00

on 2708s $ 95.00

Manual & Source only $ 85.00

OS9-1 WITH DISK FILE MANAGER

on 2716s $150.00

on 2708s $150.00

Manual & Source only $150.00

DEBUGGER PACKAGE

(aprox 1K)

Manual & Source

on 2716s
on 2708s
on tape
on disk
only

$ 50.00
$ 50.00
$ 35.00
$ 35.00
$ 50.00

INTERACTIVE EDITOR/ASSEMBLER

on 2716s $180.00

on 2708s $180.00

on tape $150.00

on disk $150.00

Manual & Source only $150.00

Above items available after aprox. June i .

1980.

SEE GIMIX AD
PAGES 3 A 46

COMING SOON!!!

BASIC09
OS9-2 MULTIUSER

When ordering, you must specify; type of
CPU card, type of disk controller, size of
media and starting address for your I/O
ports.

From the company that puts it all together.
GIMIX. SMOKE. SWTPC. MICROWARE.
ANADEX. SPINWRITER, DIGITUS. HI-
PLOT, MICROWORKS. . . .

H H H ENTERPRISES

BOX 493, Laurel, MD.

ZIP 20810
PHONE 301-953-1155

'68' Micro Journal

-30

Model 6800CL4 ColClock/TIMER

3-AA- NICad Colli

OKI MSMSM2

•OLD-

o

Ql

SI It

»»U«S QHt 1,'^ SLOT fOt tWo| IIP FUNCTI NS

ITS A HARDWARE CALENDAR/CLOCK

• K**pt dor* and rime without *ef vicing by the computer

• Dor-oi-w**it, month'doWT»or. Kour.mrrVMK. (1 2/24r». •> ou to leepYeor)

• Hands off «*llbrt«AafitrolJ(Kca«t *♦ AIL (vKtiam vie idVwort

• Orwartf battery and clwf01«t9 ciiuit keep* time for nwrrt+ti, p aw ** all

WITH AN INTERVAL TIMER INCLUDED

• Foe (TSCIIIo»7?9coiT<p<lllbo>)prlntw (pooling, mulil-fcn«li>9,olc

J999S S-Oiitfflmijn Floi9Q> 110.00

I 49 9S OoWeknod bun rtonnoston $ 6.00
J3S00 Snipping*, handling » 3 00

Mir wioniti • > *!

CwnpWlo fc|(*
Bero board*

* FUtLY DOCUMENTED: Inllwcltont: dioommt; Inoo-r; moro HvilDpogn
al tomato sohwaf*(owlomolkally pwl» dolo In Fk*2/¥ dolo bvftor, addt
h>no-ef-dar M ationtbly UtllnQf, maintain* conilanl, curronl titnil«dat«
dioploy on lop lino of CRT), Bollorloi net tnclwdod.

<33

COMPUWAIt Co.poroiJon
•O. bo« 3 no
Chtnr Hill. NJ 01003
609- Of-? 309

CASH) MC; or Vila
Jonoy bur*** ADO VI

STYLOGRAPH

6809
WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM

STTUMMVN w (fomwty STYLUS) will sive your 6809
real text processing muscle. It is a fully Integrated,
interactive, text processing system with state-of-the-art
features such as:

. CUtSOt RASED EDITING

. DYNAMIC ON-SCREEN FORMATTING

. INSTANT SCREEN UPDATING

. rOWDVUi PRINTING OmONS

. 54MPU, STRAIGrrmORW ARD DOCUMENTATION

. net AND OS-9 COMPATWUTY

o UBEAA1 UPDATE POLICY
Versions are available lor CT-88, Soroc, Hazeltlne, Heath, DEC,
Televktco, Beehive, Micro term, wtertube, Lear Siegler, and Glmlx 84x80
terminals. Nee, Diablo, Qome, and tty type ptlnteis are supported.

OS-9 versions are available from Mtooware, Box 4865, Pes /.wines,
tows 50304.

Price; manual only $15.00
tty printer VI 35.00

other printers S1 50.00

NY add

sales

tax

STTU>QRAn< a a trademam of SCMX SYSTEMS. Hex rs a trademark ol
Technical Systems Consultants

SONEX SySTEMS

BOX 238 WIUIAMSVILLE NY 1 499 1
716 63*2466

VC-256

GRAPHICS

The VC-256 is a high resolution graphics interface
for the SS-50 bus. The controller incorporates a
variety of unique and innovative features which
provide excellent display quality combined with
EXTREME SIMPLICITY of use. It will drive any
monitor with composite video input.

Featuring . . .

' individual pixel control

' true X-Y addressing

' single instruction erase

* independent blanking control

" jitter tree display

industrial quality construction
' fully socketed

' no system memoiy utilized
' no address space occupied

* no splatter on update
' no adjustments

* no software driver
' no software initialization
' no throughput loss

Specifications

Resolution 356 x 256 (256 x 250 on some monitors)

Bandwidth 8 MHz

Stability crystal controlled

Addressing mode X-Y single pixel

Origin upper let! corner

Writing rale 64 microseconds per pixel

Erase time 16.7 milliseconds

Write sync interlocked

Blanking program controlled

Output signal non-interlaced composite video

Memory 65,536 bits in X-Y array on board

Registers Write: X. Y, Z. Erase Read: status

Port addresses 4 in I/O address space

Physical location one slot ol 30 pin I/O bus

Size 5 6 in x 5.6 in

IC count 40+4 regulators

Output 75 ohm coax

SOFTWARE SUPPLIED
(6809 5'/4" FLEX"*) INCLUDES:
Camera Digitizer Program " Misc. Pattern Programs

Exerciser Program ' Line Drawing Routine

" Character Generator Routine (All with Source Code)

MM

I

i : s ; i :

PRICE: $350 — assembled, tested, and burned in
AVAILABILITY: stock to 30 days WARRANTY: 90 days
Supplied with 6 leet of cable less video monitor connector
SEE GIMIX AO PAGES 5 4 48
(Tt) G,M,X STOCKING DISTRIBUTOR

N^( HA2ELWOOD COMPUTER SYSTEMS

741 3N0. LINDBERGH, HAZELWOOD, MO •3042(314)837-3466

MasterCharge VISA American Express Diners Club
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

HEX" IS A TRADEMARK Of TECHNICAL SYSTEMS CONSULTANTS

40

bet Micro Journal

Model EP-2A-79

EPROM Programmer

Software available for F8. 6800. BOSS. 6080. Z*0. 6602, 1802.
2650. 6809 based systems.

EPROM type U selected by a personality module which plugs Into
(he front of (he programmer Power requirement* are 115 VAC
50/60 H*. al 15 Malts II Is supplied with a 36-Inch ribbon cable for
conneetfrtq to microcomputer ReQulres \^ I/O com. Priced el
$169 00 with one set of software (Additional software or disk and
cassette for various systems ) Personality modules are shown below

Part No. Program p^^

PMO TMS Tim 5I7<«>

PMI 270« HOB t7«l

PM2 Z7M 33(111

PM3 IMS 2716 17(11

PM4 TMS 2SJZ HUH

PM5 TMS 2SI6. 27)6. 2758 ] 7 00

PM8 MCM6D764 35,,,

Optimal Technology, Inc.

Blue Wood 127, Eaityovtll*, VUtfnU 22936
Phona (KM) 973-3482

SOUTHWEST MICROSYSTEMS

BRING YOUR SS-50 BOS OR EXORCISOR " BUS
6800/09 COMPUTER INTO THE 1980'sll

FIMALLY1! A64K/2S6K MEMORY BOARD FOR

THE SWTPC, MSI, G1MIX. D2, EXORCISOR" &

MICROCHROMA 68 COMPUTERS

p«iei t3B5

(( Soft-R ware® S

ease yourself into a new
dimension of efficiency

MICRO UTILITY PACKAGES

FLEX(tm)/SSB 6800/6809

Use Soft-R Ware(tm) to tame some of the tigers that
routinely plague programmers and make the tigers purr
like kittens. Easy and simple to use utilities run in fast
machine language.

6800

$29.95 ALPHABETIZING PACKAGE

$34.95 BASCOMPARE(TM)

$34.95 DISK MAINTENANCE PACKAGE

$39.00 MICRO PROCEDURES(TM)

$24.95 RE-MAT/1T(TM)

See previous ads for descriptions.

6809

$39.95 SSB only

$49.95

$49.95 SSB only

— SSB only

MICRO Utilities provide easy flexibility lo meet personal or
customer needs for culomized software. Simple language
structures to enable a novice lo build programs. The profes-
sional will appreciate the power of mainframe software at a
fraction of i Is cost. Ideal for the systems house requiring frequent
customization for a wide customer base, with the speed of
machine language processing. Extensive documentation.

6800 or 6809
$139.00 MICRO SORTER"
$249.00 MICRO WRITER®
See previous ads for descriptions.

Numerous accounting, church, and professional packages also
available. Menu driven lor ease of operalion with logical work
flow procedures, all in RANDOM BASIC

Specify 6800, 6809, FLEX", SSB, 5" or 8" disks when ordering
Please add $2.50 for orders under $50.00 for shipping and
handling,

Write call for more information.

Soft-R ware is marketed exclusively by

RIPLEY COMPUTERS

126 N. MAIN ST , SOUDERTON. PA 18964

(215) 723-1509

CHECK, MASTER CHARGE, VISA AND COD ACCEPTED
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

^

SOfT.lt WARE. BASCOmPARE. POWtR PATCH F- 1 ARE

TRADEMARKS Of RIPLEY COMPUTERS

MICRO WRITER. MICRO SORTER AND MICRO PROCEDURES ARE

TRADEMARKS Of AUTOMOTION. INC

•FlEX n a trademark <* TECHNICAL SYSTEMS CONSULTANTS

2)

'68' Micro Journal

41

Radio /haek

COMPUTER
PROGRAMS

c Games

Space- Action- Invaders

<g> €& Graphi

A^A _^^^ X x Snace-A_.

m • Many, many more?

£53* • Lessons • Music • Games

Programmer's Tool Kit

Write your own programs easier

6609 Specialists

. . .coming soon
Call or Write:

COMPUTERWARE

Dept. C • Box 668
Encinilas. CA 32024
(714)436-3512

* ORIGINAL ADVENTURE

« RUNS ENTIRELY IN RAM - FAST

* REQUIRES 36K OF RAM (SO0OO-S7FFF . DOS RAM)

AVAILABLE FOR 6800 OR 6809 ON PERCOM DISK
OR TSC FLEX DISK. OTHER SYSTEMS INQUIRE

* $21. 9S POSTPAID

APPLICATION SERVICES COMPANY
12301 WALKER
WICHITA. KANSAS 67235

6809

RECORD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

RMS

DATABASE MANAGEMENT

•USER DEFINED RECORD FORMAT VIA DATA DICTIONARY
•SCREEN ORIENTED. FORM FILL OUT TYPE OF ACCESS
•OPTIONAL TWO LEVEL RECORD HIERARCHY
•ALL FILES IN ASCII TEXT FORMAT. BASIC COMPATIBLE
•DIRECT ACCESS BY KEY FIELD. MULTIPLE INDEX FILES
•EXTENSIVE DOCUMENTATION. SAMPLE APPLICATION
•VERSATILE, PROFESSIONAL QUALITY REPORT WRITER
•BUILT-IN SORT/ MERGE
•EASY TO USE

RMS is a complete DATABASE MANAGEMENT package
for the 6809 computer. It is made up of five machine
language programs that make up the most powerful
business programming tool available for the 6809. It can be
used by the relative novice, to implement an incredible
variety of information storage and retrieval applications,
without any programming. However, the programmer can
use RMS as part of the solution to a larger problem, saving
many hours of unnecessary program development time.
RMS can be used to handle data input, editing, validation,
on-line retrieval, sorting and printed reports. Custom data
manipulation can be filled in by the user's BASIC programs.

SINGLE CPU LICENSE

FLEX* $200

OS-9+ $250

UNIFLEX* $300

TEAMS VISA MC PREPAID

WASHINGTON
COMPUTER SERVICES

3028 SILVERN LANE

BELLINGHAM. WA 98225

1 (206) 734-8248

* f-LEX *nd UNIt LE X ir* IrMfcmftrkt of Tichnical Svttam CGOfcilllftl I J n

• OS 9 it ■ MdVMlft tt Mtcro**f#

42

..*6B' Micro Journal

♦ ♦ ♦

Series 2

Brings it all Together !

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\^^^\

Hardware Features

'2 MHz. 66B00MPU
' Double Floppy Disk Dr ve-388K bytes
formatted

* 32K, 48K or 84K byte dynamic RAM

* Intelligent Video Terminal

* Commercial typewnter keyboard wit ft
lunctlon keys and numberic pads

* 2 RS-232C serial ports

Software
Features

* UCSD Pascal" System Software Package
' 6600 Multi-tasking System (MTS6800)

* Software Dynamics Basic Compiler

* WORDMATE" Word Processor
' Various Application Packages

Packaging

* Altractlve, Compact, desk-
top enclosure

* Light-weight, highly portable

* Provision top 3 I/O
Expansion modules

* Highly reliable, gaae of
maintenance

Price: 'Quantity 1 (one) end user 64K RAM-368K disk UCSD PASCAL SYSTEM- $3450.00

% ♦ >

WAVE MATE INC.

18006 Adrla Maru Lane
Carson. California 9074$
213-S32-4632
Telex 194389

EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERS
WAVE MATE INTERNATIONAL
159 Ch de Vleurger
1050 Bruxehes. Belgium
(02)649-1070 Talex 24050

'68' Micro Journal

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-50 6800-6809 55-50 G
64<K MEMORY BOARD
kit or assembled

1981

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SMS- 10 80ARO

• rot ss-so i ss-s«c

• t ACIA POTtrS laiiil«Ml>E«l

• » PM PORTS A*8lMH«MMMel

• ON SCAM SAKE SATE GtK.

• mt bisk comweier

■ (MM 5CTAXXT0K

&w vim WMT UK APPRESS FDR our catalog

• USES IE* CCSr 41 }6 DYNAMIC RAM

■ rOTAl TtAHSPAtlMT KFttSHi OPERATES tltt STATIC

• ECU PCKFR C0VSUWT1PN 7AUP 9 »J 50On> f-lf ( -5 VPC

• AODRESSABtE TO Utt l-K 8EPCK5

• CAW SE USED «ITM !(■* <» ii%

• EJCTEKPf P ASTTOSSIMG TO K-80ARPS

■ USES MCJMf APKESS MUETIPEEWR AM?
"CUM UfMOTV CONTWlttf

■ OFERATTS 0* SS-50 AVO SS-SOC 8USS

■ SOEPER MASK AAA) S1USC REEWP WARPS

' Alt MTMffltV CHIPS ASF Pf?!ME 4N$-?S0i«

• HITS AWP WARPS A*E IV STOC*

PRICES

' KIT «ITN IMC RAM } 114.00

• KIT HIT* »«« RAM J1S.00

' ASM. I TfSlfP MUX l«« RAM... til. Oil

• ASM. ( TESTEP tJITH «« RAM... J15.00

M-SYS"
64-K

DYNAMIC

ChtrW to

your

MC/VISA

L^J

SOME (CEAy f« PERSCMAl EMECKS

SEW YOUK ORPER TO

ASP tS.iO fOR SHIPPING IV USA (1.50 FOWtCV

404 922 1620

10B0 IRIS DR
PO. BOX 293
CONYERS.ES A.
30207

BLITZ

SCREEN EDITOR FOR THE CT-82

IDEAL FOR WORD PROCESSING OR PROGRAMMING
THERE IS NO FASTER / EASIER WAY TO EDIT TEXT
IT ALL HAPPENS IMMEDIATELY ON THE SCREEN SO
YOU SEE EXACTLY WHAT YOU ARE DOING; INSERT
CHARACTER, DELETE CHARACTER. INSERT LINE.
DELETE LINE. SCROLL UP. SCROLL DOWN

' RUNS ON 6800 OR 6809 UNDER TSC'sFLEX

' AVAILABLE ON 5 OR 8 INCH DISKETTE

' BEST OF ALL- YOU CAN 8UY THE ENTIRE
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE SOURCE CODE. SO YOU
CAN ADD YOUR OWN CUSTOM FEATURES

> FROMTHE COMPANYTHAT BROUGHTYOU THE
MICR0PI4-USER PILOT/BASIC/EDITOR PACKAGE

$60- OBJECT ONLY

$100 - SOURCE AND OBJECT

206-734-8248

>H Nuum
r l_i*nn« Istond Wa*r»natDn9B2B2

How much wilt it cost to

SIM68
$34.95

plus shipping

LSI Enterprises Ltd.
P. 0. 1227

Woodhnen, NY 11471
212-631-9242

/~\

\J

VISA and
Master Card

accepted

upgrade your software
to run on your 6809?

Run your 6800 software on your 6809 without cross
assembly or modification.

Simulates all 6800 opcodes!

Available on FLtt(r) or Per com disk & KC tape.

(minifloppy only)

(r) - registered tm of TSC

US Shipping -Ji; Foreign varies

'68' Micro Journal

HEMENWAY ASSOCIATES
SOFTWARE SOURCE BOOKS™

Your 6800 ia up and running with HEMENWAY ASSOCIATES' complete software system. Software
Source Books provide a powerful yet extensible programming package for business, scientific, or
personal uses.

Combining detailed descriptions with COMPLETE SOURCE CODE LISTINGS, these books explain
the internal operations and algorithms used in HEMENWAY ASSOCIATES' popular systems soft-
ware.

Imagine getting a complete 6600 software library, and at these suprisingiy low prices.

Remember, these are not just books; they are Software Source Books™ complete software re-
sources! Order them today; VISA and MASTERCHARGE accepted.

CP/68 OPERATING SYSTEM

The moat powerful operating system available
for the 6800 family of microprocessors, this disk-
baaed system features great flexibility. The user
can add commands for special purposes. A
single transient Peripheral Interchange Program
(PIP) transfers data between devices. The sys-
tem ia relocatable anywhere in memory and fits
in leas than 8K. Other features include device-
independent I/O and dynamic file allocation.

U.S. $34.95
Int. $52 45

XA6B09
MACRO LINKING CROSS-ASSEMBLER

This new two-paas program generates reloca-
table and linkable code (requires LINK68). Resi-
dent on any 6800 system, XA6809 lets you pro-
duce code for a 6809 right now. This assembler
has full macro facilities and features a COMMON
section for the production of ROMable code, Con-
ditional Assembly and fast execution.

U.S. $24.95
Int. $31.50

LINK68 LINKING LOADER

RA6BOOML RELOCATABLE
MACRO ASSEMBLER

This two-pass assembler produces a program
listing, a sorted symbol table listing, and reloca-
table object code. The object code ia loaded and
linked with other assembled modules using
LINK68. This book fully describes the 6800 as-
sembly language and all major routines used,
and includes flow charta, details on interfacing
the assembler. Croaa-referenced. showing all
calling and called-by routines, pointers, flags
and temporary variables.

U.S. $24 95
Int. $37.45

Structured BASIC language
STRUBAL + ™COMPILER

The compiler features variable precision from 4
to 14 digits for business or scientific uses and
Structured Programming forma. It produces Re-
locatable and linkable code. You can create
data structures with mixed data types, COM-
MON and DUMMY sections. STRUBAL + ™ in-
cludes a complete scientific package. It allows
for string-handling and is extensible.

U.S. $49.95
Int. $74.95

This is s one-paas linking losder which allows
separately translated relocatable object mod-
ules to be loaded and linked together to form a
single executable load module, and to relocate
modules in memory. It produces a load map and
a load module in Motorola MIKBUG loader for-
mat. This book provides everything necessary
for learning about this system and the nature of
linking loader design in general.

U.S. $7.95
Int. $11.95

(«Ht c* ** otiuiwa mil

, HEMENWAY ASSOC., INC.

101 TREWONT STREET

BOSTON. MA 02108
•u. (6 17)429- 1931

ROB POaiUX A ptfiOMQ v I1M WOK FOB WW* IV

POM tCHTM 4M(ltaC* ftfiO t 't ftOOK P
Ml Or*«H DC6f«i*TOKfl AfiC t) 00 ■

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45

* CT-64

CT-1024

* DMA VIDEO ADAPTER
FOR YOUR TERMINAL

• DMA (ability (o update anyplace on the screen
directly)

• HIGH SPEED DISPLAY (fast as any videoboard)

• KEYBOARD CONTROL (of baud rate and paging
/scrolling)

• DOCUMENTATION (includes source listing that
replaces Outee)

J.8.I. adapter with memory $16295, J.B.I, adapter
without memory $149.95. Source Code on Disk
$5.00 - Tape $3.50

Provide your system configuration and software.
Terms: cash, MC. Visa or C.O.D. plus $3.50
shipping and handling.

Johnson Micro Computer

2607 E. Charleston

Las Vegas, Nev. 89104

1-702-384-3354

•I«I«I«I«!«!«I«I«I«I«I«!«I«I«I«I«I«I«I«I«I«I«I«I*l2.

F&D Associates _. - _ 7

SSO 7
1210 Todd Road jggjS 2

New Plymouth, Ohio 7

4S ** 4 s „, , c , , 614-592-5721-

Send far free Catalog ~

Visa •— Master-Charge — C.O.D. JL

.•UI«!*!*!«UUUUI«I*I*I*I«I*I«I«I«I«I«1«1«I«I« #

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This Month's Feature
The "BIG MOTHER"

The BMB- 1 is a large mother board lor SSO systems II consists
ol twelve SO pin and eight 30 pm slots on 1/8" thick epoxy-glass
material The I/O address decoding has been improved over
some earlier mother hoards ottered for the SSO bus Each I/O
"slot" has been uniquely decoded to either four or eight
addresses depending on option sellings. The entire I/O section
occ upies either 32 or 64 addresses and does not 'overlap up
thru the 4k block where it is assigned DIP switches or jumpers
can be used to assign the addresses anywhere in memory An
extra line has been provided so (hat boards on the SO pin bus
can "steal I/O addresses it desired

The board can be cut at each lour slot section to form four and
eight slot versions and the I/O section can be sheared ott and
Molex connectors added to make an I/O adapter board to add
extra slots to the front or rear Of a SO pin bus

$55 00

J> BMB-1 Bare Board and Documentation

7 add $2.50 s/h per order

7l«M«M«M«M«M«M«M«M«UUM«i«i«(«i«

STAR-KITS

6800 HARDWARE

SBC-02 single board computer uses 6802 with RAM.
ROM. I O ideal controller, intelligent interlace, and
more Pnnted circuit board is S25, complete controller
kit S75. wired and tested Si 50 Also available HUM-
BUG (see below). Basic m ROM. etc

CT-PS serial, parallel interface card AClA-type interface
tor RS-232C terminal and or a parallel keyboard Makes
keyboard look like a terminal with absolutely no program
patching Ideal for video board based systems Bare
board S20. complete kit S55. wired Si 00

6800 FIRMWARE

HUMBUG monitor Totally MIKBUG compatible, plus
single-stepping, multiple breakpoints, formatted mem-
o y dumps, multiple port control and more. Fantastic!"
say our customers 2K version S40 on 2708 or 2716
EPROM with source listing. Alternate versions, includ-
ing video board versions available

PEP.COM DOS PATCH gives more disk space, bigger
directory Best of all, adds error detection. correction to
your system so your files are guaranteed nght We
correct your 2708s tor S40. or supply three new ones for
S50

6800 SOFTWARE

BASIC UTILITY PACKAGE renumbers, pretty-pnnts,
pnnts variable and transfer indexes, compares, shor-
tens Basic programs. On Percom or miniFlex" disk for
S30

CHECK 'N TAX balances your checkbook, finds errors,
prepares income tax data On Percom. mimFlex*, Flex
2 0' or Flex 9' disk lor S40.

SORT-MERGE —the only one tor Percom disk systems,
sorts even lull-disk files S35

BASTRAN a Basic preprocessor Adds long vanable
names, line labels instead ol line numbers, and other
conveniences to any standard 6800 disk Basic. On
miniFlex' or Flex 2.0" disk for S30

6800 CROSS-ASSEMBLER written m Basic Assemble
6800/6802 programs on your new 6809 (o your 370 at
work"). Available on 5 disk. KC cassette, or TRS-80
Level II cassette lor $9.95.

GAME PACK with Eliza and 3-D Tic-Tac-Toe 5" disk or
KC cassette Si 5.

Send sase for catalog or more information, 'are
trademarks of TSC.

STAR-KITS, P.O. Box 209, ML Kisco NY 10549

914-241-1027

46

68 Micro Journal

THOMAS INSTRUMENTATION

*** SS-50 MODEM CARD ***

'Auto answer/originate 'Uses the Bell 103 Modem standard (0-300 baud) 'Use with DAA-CBS
interface "Dial pulsing capability & software listings included for user "dial-up" and/or "answer"
"Extra features: 'Tone dial capability *2 extra RS-232 serial ports "Real time clock/calendar
*2 extra parallel poits

"Asm. & tested, with extra features $395.00

"Asm. & tested, without extra features $325.00

"Special parts kit (bare board, 2 filters, relay, and transformer) $195.00

"Software object and source on flex disk .. . $10.00 "bare board $49,00

A/T $425.00 "* SS-50 24K RAM CARD *** B/C $49.00

•Decoded for extended addressing "6800, 6802, 6809 compatible "6-4K blocks individually
addressable 0-F "Low power consumption (typ. 3 amps) "Add memory 1 K at a time using low cost
2114L's ($5.00 ea) "Gold edge connectors
A/T with 16K $325.00; with 8K $225.00; with 1K $150.00

A/T $195.00 ... SP-1*** B/C $49.00

"Peifect for the user who wishes to design his own special interface, but doesn't want the bother of
decoding and interfacing to the processor buss. Three PIA's, four ACIA's, and one PTM (3-6821 , 4-6850,
1-6840) are already buffered and decoded. Three TO-220 regulators ( +5, +12, -12) "Pad spacing
permits the use of most standard sockets from 8 to 64 pins "Accommodates a mix of 38 14 & 16 pin
sockets

A/T $95.00 — TRANSITION CARD *** B/C $49.00

"A component part of Thomas Instrumentation's Backplane System "Contains all the necessary
hardware to interface 8 SS-30 slots to one SS-50 slot "Contains all the logic necessary for use with a
6800 or 6809 system "Provisions for optional (not supplied) on-board baud rate generator and slow
memory have been made

A/T $95.00 "* CASSETTE INTERFACE CARD *** B/C $49.00

"Plugs into Thomas Instrumentation's CPU Card "Uses circuitry licensed from and compatible with the
JPC High Speed interface 'Includes dual relays for motor control
Software drivers on cassette $25.00 Software drivers in EPROM $35.00

"RCA Keyboards Model 601 $80.00 Model 611 $100.00 CPU Cable $12.00

"Super CPU assembled with source listing BACKPLANES/MOTHERBOARDS

but without 2K-EPROMS (2-2708 $235.00 "16 Position SS-50 $80.00

"Monitor in two 2708 EPROMS $ 29.00 "12 Position SS-50 $60.00

"CPU bare card, doc, & source $ 59.00 ' 8 Position SS-50 $40.00

"Video ram asm. 7x9 chars 64x16 line $195.00 " 4 Position SS-50 $20.00

"Video ram bare card, doc, & source $ 49.00 * 8 Position SS-30 $39.00

"Parallel I/O asm 100 I/O lines "Connectors:

incl. 5 PIAU for 10 ports $139.00 Gold $1.60 ea. (M or F)

•Parallel I/O bare card & doc. $ 49.00 Tin M $.40 ea. F $.50 ea.

•Wire-wrap/Prototype bare card $ 39.00

Ask about Thomas Instrumentation's Low Cost System

and the new Rack Mount Chassis

DEALERS FOR SWTPC, GIMIX, AND TSC

'All Thomas Instrumentation's cards come with full documentation including software source listings

where applicable 'All assembled cards are burned in at 1 50F and fully tested with Gold conn. 'Bare

card prices do not include edge connectors

THOMAS INSTRUMENTATION

168 EIGHTH STREET AVALON, NJ 08202 (609)967-4280

NJ RES. INCLUDE 5% SALES TAX

CONT. USA INCLUDE $2.00 SHIPPING, CANADA $5.00, FOREIGN $10.00

MASTERCARD, VISA and C.O.D. ACCEPTED

'68' Micro Journal 47

GIMX
PROUDLY
PRESENTS!!!

GlMIX 6809 1 FUNCTION LAYOUT

SS50C 6809 CPU

The 6809 CPU card will be available in a standard version and our 6809 PLUS version that is fully socketed to
allow adding options at anytime.

+ A 6840 timer package that provides 3 independent 16 bit counters is included on all 6809 PLUS cards.

+ A 951 1 or 9512 Arithmetic Processors option with its own independent crystal that allows you to use 2, 3,
or 4 MHz parts in any combination with the 6809 running at 1, 1.5. or 2 MHZ.

+ 1K ol scratchpad RAM

+ A Time of Day Clock option with battery back-up. With this option you can also substitute IK ol CMOS
RAM that will also be battery backed up.

+ User selectable processor speeds without having to change the crystal.

32Kol PROM. ROM or RAM. Both versions have 4 sockets that can each hold from 1K to 8K parts. Single or multi-
ple voltage parts can be used on the PLUS version. The standard version only allows the use of single voltage
parts.

All on board devices and options can use extended addressing so that they will only respond to that page to
which they are set.

The card is double bulfered and allows versatility in the use ol software and memory address control disciplines.

Please note that this card does not have an on board baud rate generator, and must be used in systems where
baud rates (if needed) are provided elsewhere in the system.

Gimix

1337 WEST 37th PLACE • CHICAGO, I L 60609 • (312)9275510 • TWX 910-221-4055

OlkMI* iftflQHOST- *rt<ta»tar«ltfM)«fTi»rKlOfGlMIXInc

tWOGIMlxInc.

48

68 Micro Journal

SS-50-
UCSD PASCAL

FOR 6809 SYSTEMS
56K RAM REQUIRED.

IMMMHD1ATT: DELIVERY FOR SWTJ'C. GIMIX USERS. K" OR SW DISKETTES
SMOKE SICNAl. BROADCASTING USERS, INQUlKF

FREE! UCSD PASCAL USERS MANUAL PLUS
SVVTPC IMPLEMENTATION NOTES WITH CSM

CSM Ui's. PASCA1 Compiler, Screen
rdiUir. YALOF (UlM rMw fol
h.irdiiipv lirnitn.iUI, Filer,
Linker. Library, St'tup, Hiiiiivr

Interpreter, imi>- *250.oo

CSI-2 BASK i emptier, I 2 Editor, PMch
Dtawembhs Calculator s 100.00

CSl-3 MACRO AswmMi-rs for 681W ,ind
MK)0 S 100.00

ALL THREE DISKS AND MANUAL
fSYSTEMI . 5419.00

Now Available! rascal ustr-grimp enm-
palihlir (IBM 3790) Disk Driver UnutiniS

$20
(SWI l"C L\juipin<»iU compatible)

UCSD PASCAL
MEETS BUSINESS

NEW MICRO-WINCHESTER DISK DRIVE FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

>U CS1 announces a new option for their UDS 470 microcom-
puter: the micro-winchester hard disk drive. AvErSable 4Q
1980 the micro-winchester drive will replace one of the two
mini-floppy drives now standard with the UDS 470, thereby
bringing a dramatic increase in on-line storage capacity.

This increased storage — 6.38 Megabytes — makes the UDS 470 viable for business
applications requiring more on-line storage than previously available with floppy
disk drives.

The micro-winchester drive will fit directly into the existing UDS 470 cabinet. Thus
customers will realize the benefit of increased storage capacity without the disadvan-
tage of finding space for a larger cabinet or an additional disk drive enclosure.

CALL TOLL-FREE (800) 255-4411

Continental U.S.A. only. (Kansas residents call (913) 371-6136)

/gfi.

COMTffOL SYSTEMS, tntc.

MtcFtosrsreMS o/v/s/cw

1317 Central, Kansas City, KS 66102 (9131 371-6136 • 5200 West 73rd St.. Minneapolis, MN 55435

Drawer EE, Williamsburg, VA 23185 (804) 564-9350

"UCSD Pascal" is a registered trademark of The Regents of the University of California.

1612)831-0214

66' Micro Journal
3013Hamill Rd.
Hinson. TN 37343

?SZOC \-0

qoi xoa
3/» ?z«»ooo

Second Class Postage Paid
Al Chattanooga, TN
ISSN 0194-S02S

,\

e

We know you hardcore bit hack-
ers will recognize the computing
power derived from combining the
FORTH language with the 6809.
today's most advanced 8 bit
microprocessor.

And we know you'll understand
this machine's 16 bit math, indirect
addressing and two stacks are
ideally suited for implementing
FORTH

But... should anyone need further
convincing that FORTH provides a
new dimension in power, speed
and ease of operation, consider
the following:

♦ It's a modern, modular, structured-
programming high-level com-
piled language,

♦ It's a combined interpreter,
compiler, and operating system

• It permits assembler code level
control of machine, runs near
speed of assembler code, and
uses less memory space than
assembler code,

• It increases programmer produc-
tivity and reduces memory hard-
ware requirements.

Call or write today.

KENYON

1

• It replaces subroutines by
individual words and related
groups of words called
Vocabularies. These are quickly
modified and tested by editing
1024-character text blocks, called
screens, using built-in editor.

tFORTH is a basic system imple-
mented for SS-50 buss 6809 systems
with the TSC FLEX 9.0 disk oper-
ating system. It is available on 5'/4"
or 8" single density soft-sectored
floppy disks. $100.00

tFORTH + consists of tFORTH plus a
complement of the following
FORTH source code vocabularies:
full assembler, cursor controlled
screen editor, case statements,
extended data types, general I/O
drivers. $250.00

firmFORTH is an applications pack-
age for use with tFORTH, It provides
for recompilation of the tFORTH
nucleus, deletion of superfluous
code and production of fully
rommable code. $350.00

Also available for 6800

MICROSYSTEMS

3350 Walnut Bend • Houston. Texas 77042 • (713) 978-6933

I